Organelles

Question 1

What is the cytoplasm?

Answer 1

The cellular material outside the nucleus and inside the plasma membrane

Question 2

What is the cytoplasm composed of?

Answer 2

Cytosol: primarily water with dissolved solutes
Inclusions (vary cell to cell): Mucus, pigments like melanin, glycogen granules
Organelles: the machinery of the cell

Question 3

What is the function of the nucleus?

Answer 3

control center of cell

Question 4

What does the nucleus contain?

Answer 4

DNA (genes & mRNA)

Question 5

What is the nucleus surrounded by?

Answer 5

A double membrane (nuclear envelope - continuous with the rough ER)

Question 6

What controls what enters/leaves the nucleus?

Answer 6

nuclear pores

Question 7

What is chromatin and where is it found?

Answer 7

A complex of DNA + proteins (found when
the cell is not dividing)
the nucleus

Question 8

What happens to chromatin when the cell begins to divide?

Answer 8

will condense into
chromosomes

Question 9

What is the nucleolus?

Answer 9

Region where ribosomes are assembled

Question 10

What is the function of the mitochondria?

Answer 10

powerhouse of the cell
site of cellular respiration

Question 11

What type of membrane does the mitochondria have?

Answer 11

A double membrane (outer and inner)

Question 12

What is cristae?

Answer 12

folds of inner membrane in mitochondria
contains enzymes for ATP
production
increased surface area to increase ATP made

Question 13

What is the matrix of the mitochondria?

Answer 13

fluid-filled inner compartment

Question 14

What type of cells have the most mitochondria?

Answer 14

liver and muscle cells

Question 15

What is the function of ribosomes?

Answer 15

protein synthesis

Question 16

What are ribosomes composed of?

Answer 16

rRNA (ribosomal RNA) + protein

Question 17

What are the 2 types of ribosomes? Describe them.

Answer 17

Free ribosomes: float in cytosol, produce proteins used within cell
Bound ribosomes: attached to ER, make proteins for export from
cell

Question 18

What is the endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 18

Network of membranes and sacs that serves as a mini-circulatory system for the cell because of the
network of channels

Question 19

What are the 2 types of endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 19

Rough and smooth

Question 20

What is the function of the rough ER?

Answer 20

package proteins for secretion
send transport vesicles
to Golgi
make replacement membrane

Question 21

What differentiates the rough and smooth ER?

Answer 21

The rough has ribosomes on its surface while the smooth does not

Question 22

What type of cells have the most rough ER and why?

Answer 22

Pancreatic cells due to the quantity of digestive
enzymes that are produced

Question 23

What is the function of the smooth ER?

Answer 23

synthesize lipids
metabolize carbs
detox drugs &
poisons
store Ca2+

Question 24

What type of cells have the most smooth ER?

Answer 24

Liver cells

Question 25

What are the series of flattened membrane sacs in the Golgi?

Answer 25

cisternae

Question 26

What is the function of the Golgi?

Answer 26

modify & package proteins for transport in secretory vesicles that arrived from the rough ER produce lysosomes found close to the nucleus and is a ‘traffic director’ for cellular proteins

Question 27

What are lysosomes?

Answer 27

Membrane-enclosed sac of digestive enzymes

Question 28

What is the function of lysosomes?

Answer 28

Act as the demolition site for cells digests worn-out cells structures as well as foreign substances that enter the cell

Question 29

What type of cells have the most lysosomes?

Answer 29

Phagocytes (cells that dispose of bacteria and cellular debris)

Question 30

Where are the enzymes in lysosomes formed and packaged?

Answer 30

formed by ribosomes and packaged by the Golgi

Question 31

What are peroxisomes?

Answer 31

Membrane-enclosed sacs containing powerful oxidizing enzymes

Question 32

What is the function of peroxisomes?

Answer 32

break down fatty acids detox alcohol sse O2 to detoxify harmful or poisonous substances (alcohol or formaldehyde) “disarm” dangerous free radicals involves production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)

Question 33

What can free radicals do?

Answer 33

have the potential to scramble the structure of proteins and nucleic acids

Question 34

What type of cells have the most peroxisomes?

Answer 34

liver and kidney cells

Question 35

What is the cytoskeleton?

Answer 35

Elaborate network of protein fibers that extends throughout the cytoplasm

Question 36

What is the function of the cytoskeleton?

Answer 36

support, motility, and regulation of chemical activities

Question 37

Name 3 type of cytoskeleton fibers

Answer 37

microtubules intermediate filaments microfilaments

Question 38

Describe microtubules

Answer 38

Largest fibers Determine overall shape of cells Track for organelle movement Forms spindle for mitosis/meiosis Component of cilia/flagella Radiate from the cell center

Question 39

Describe intermediate filaments

Answer 39

Intermediate size Strong and stable Permanent fixtures Maintain shape of cell by resisting tension placed on cell

Question 40

Describe microfilaments

Answer 40

Smallest fibers Involved in cell motility (movement) and producing changes in cell shape Eg. muscle cell contraction (actin and myosin microfilaments)

Question 41

What are centrioles/centrosomes?

Answer 41

Region from which microtubules grow

Question 42

What are 3 types of cell extensions?

Answer 42

cilia flagella microvilli

Question 42

What is the function of

Answer 42

Responsible for spindle fiber formation during cell division

Question 43

What is cilia?

Answer 43

Whiplike extensions that moves substances along the cell surface

Question 44

What is flagella?

Answer 44

Like cilia but longer Usually only one per cell Move the cell itself in wave-like fashion

Question 45

What is microvilli?

Answer 45

Tiny, fingerlike extension of the plasma membrane that project from exposed cell surface Increase the cell surface area Normally many on each cell Found in cells whose primary job is in excretion and absorption