Organelles

Question 1

Contains genetic information and controls cell activity.

Answer 1

Nucleus

Question 2

Produces ribosomes, which move out of the nucleus and take positions on the rough endoplasmic reticulum where they are critical in protein synthesis.

Answer 2

Nucleolus

Question 3

The “soup” within which all the other cell organelles reside and where most of the cellular metabolism occurs. Though mostly water, it is full of proteins that control cell metabolism including signal transduction pathways, glycolysis, intracellular receptors, and transcription factors.

Answer 3

Cytosol

Question 4

This is a collective term for the cytosol plus the organelles suspended within the cytosol.

Answer 4

Cytoplasm

Question 5

An area in the cell where microtubules are produced. Plant and animal cell [blanks] play similar roles in cell division, and both include collections of microtubules, but the plant cell [blank] is simpler and does not have centrioles.

Plays a role in duplicating the genome during animal cell division.

Answer 5

Centrosome

Question 6

(Animal cells only)
A ring of nine groups of fused microtubules. There are three microtubules in each group. Microtubules (and [blanks]) are part of the cytoskeleton.

Answer 6

Centriole

Question 7

A membrane-bound structure with a single membrane. It is actually a stack of membrane-bound vesicles that are important in packaging macromolecules for transport elsewhere in the cell. The stack of larger vesicles is surrounded by numerous smaller vesicles containing those packaged macromolecules. The enzymatic or hormonal contents of lysosomes, peroxisomes and secretory vesicles are packaged in membrane-bound vesicles at the periphery.

Answer 7

Golgi Apparatus

Question 8

Contain hydrolytic enzymes necessary for intracellular digestion. They are common in animal cells, but rare in plant cells. Hydrolytic enzymes of plant cells are more often found in the vacuole.

Answer 8

Lysosomes

Question 9

Membrane-bound packets of oxidative enzymes. In plant cells, they play a variety of roles including converting fatty acids to sugar and assisting chloroplasts in photorespiration. In animal cells they protect the cell from its own production of toxic hydrogen peroxide. As an example, white blood cells produce hydrogen peroxide to kill bacteria. The oxidative enzymes in peroxisomes break down the hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen.

Answer 9

Peroxisomes

Question 10

Cell secretions - e.g. hormones, neurotransmitters - are packaged in these at the Golgi apparatus then transported to the cell surface for release.

Answer 10

Secretory Vesicle

Question 11

Controls what enters and exits the cell

Answer 11

Cell Surface Membrane

Question 12

Provides the energy a cell needs to move, divide, produce secretory products, contract - in short, they are the power centers of the cell. They are about the size of bacteria but may have different shapes depending on the cell type. They are membrane-bound organelles, and like the nucleus have a double membrane. The outer membrane is fairly smooth. But the inner membrane is highly convoluted, forming folds (cristae) when viewed in cross-section. The cristae greatly increase the inner membrane’s surface area. It is on these cristae that food (sugar) is combined with oxygen to produce ATP - the primary energy source for the cell - in aerobic respiration.

Answer 12

Mitochondria

Question 13

A membrane-bound sac that plays roles in intracellular digestion and the release of cellular waste products. In animal cells they are generally small. They tend to be large in plant cells and play several roles: storing nutrients and waste products, helping increase cell size during growth, and even acting much like lysosomes of animal cells. The plant cell [blank] also regulates turgor pressure in the cell. Water collects in cell [blanks], pressing outward against the cell wall and producing rigidity in the plant. Without sufficient water, turgor pressure drops and the plant wilts.

Answer 13

Vacuole

Question 14

(Plant Cells Only)
Provides and maintains the shape of these cells and serves as a protective barrier. Usually made of cellulose.

Answer 14

Cell Wall

Question 15

(Plant Cells Only)
Specialized organelles found in all higher plant cells. These organelles contain the plant cell’s chlorophyll responsible for the plant’s green color and the ability to absorb energy from sunlight. This energy is used to convert water plus atmospheric carbon dioxide into metabolizable sugars by the biochemical process of photosynthesis

Answer 15

Chloroplast

Question 16

Throughout the eukaryotic cell, especially those responsible for the production of hormones and other secretory products, is a vast network of membrane-bound vesicles and tubules called the [blank]. This is a continuation of the outer nuclear membrane and its varied functions suggest the complexity of the eukaryotic cell.

So named because it appears smooth by electron microscopy it plays different functions depending on the specific cell type including lipid and steroid hormone synthesis, breakdown of lipid-soluble toxins in liver cells, and control of calcium release in muscle cell contraction.

Answer 16

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Question 17

Appears “pebbled” by electron microscopy due to the presence of numerous ribosomes on its surface. Proteins synthesized on these ribosomes collect in the here for transport throughout the cell.

Answer 17

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Question 18

Packets of RNA and protein that play a crucial role in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. They are the site of protein synthesis.

Answer 18

Ribosomes

Question 19

Helps to maintain cell shape but the primary importance is in cell motility. The internal movement of cell organelles, as well as cell locomotion and muscle fiber contraction could not take place without it. It is an organized network of three primary protein filaments:

microtubules    actin filaments (microfilaments)
intermediate fibers

Answer 19

Cytoskeleton