Organelles

Question 1

organelles are membrane-bound compartments within the cell that have –

Answer 1

specialized functions

Question 2

organelles help with cellular organization and – by ensuring that specific reactions have specific organelles in which to occur

Answer 2

efficiency

Question 3

organelles and other structures, but not the – are contained within the cytoplasm

Answer 3

nucleus

Question 4

cytoplasm encompasses the space between the – and the nucleus

Answer 4

plasma membrane

Question 5

liquid portion of the cell

Answer 5

cytosol

Question 6

cytosol consists of water, –, ions, and waste and it can be the site of a variety of chemical reactions within the cell

Answer 6

nutrients

Question 7

all eukaryotic cells contain a membrane-bound nucleus that houses the genetic material in form of –

Answer 7

chromosomes

Question 8

outer boundary of the nucleus is referred to as the – and keeps the contents of the nucleus separate from the rest of the cell

Answer 8

nuclear membrane/envelope

Question 9

nuclear membrane has – that allow certain substances to enter and exit the nucleus

Answer 9

pores

Question 10

make the ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) needed to produce ribosomes

Answer 10

nucleolus

Question 11

ribosomes are made from rRNA and –

Answer 11

protein

Question 12

a ribosomes consists of one large subunit and one small subunit that are assembled when – is needed

Answer 12

protein synthesis

Question 13

ribosomes can be found loose in the –

Answer 13

cytosol

Question 14

free ribosomes and membrane-bound ribosomes are identical in structure and function but they differ in the – that are being made

Answer 14

proteins

Question 15

make proteins that are destined to function in the cytosol, mitochondria, chloroplast or nucleus

Answer 15

free ribosomes

Question 16

make proteins that will be translocated into the ER lumen or into the ER membrane (depending on the protein structure) and either function within the ER membrane, lumen of an organelle or can be released

Answer 16

membrane-bound ribosomes

Question 17

consists of several organelles within the eukaryotic cell that work together as a unit to synthesize and transport molecules within the cell

Answer 17

endomembrane system

Question 18

folded network of membrane-bound space that has the appearance of a maze

Answer 18

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Question 19

rough ER has – on the surface

Answer 19

bound ribosomes

Question 20

while the rough and smooth ERs are – their functions are distinct

Answer 20

connected

Question 21

produce lipids needed by the cell

Answer 21

smooth ER

Question 22

in the liver, smooth ER produces –

Answer 22

detoxifying enzymes

Question 23

ribosomes produce proteins that enter the rough ER where they will be – and moved to the smooth ER

Answer 23

chemically modified

Question 24

the combined contents of the smooth and rough ER are then shipped by vesicles to the – for sorting

Answer 24

Golgi complex

Question 25

tiny pieces of membrane that will break off and carry the contents of the ER throughout the endomembrane system

Answer 25

vesicles

Question 26

in the Golgi complex, molecules are further modified, repackaged, and -- for their eventual destination

Answer 26

tagged

Question 27

contents of the Golgi complex leave via vesicles and many of them will be moved to the -- for secretion out of the cell

Answer 27

cell membrane

Question 28

large, membrane-bound sacs that contain digestive enzymes used to break down any substances that enter it

Answer 28

lysosomes

Question 29

process of cells taking in molecules by enclosing them in a vesicle pinched off of the cell membrane

Answer 29

endocytosis

Question 30

pH of lysosome must be --

Answer 30

acidic

Question 31

lysosomes contain -- H+ pumps that pump H+ ions into the lysosome, causing it to become more acidic

Answer 31

ATP driven

Question 32

lysosomes' membrane proteins are highly -- to protect them from proteases

Answer 32

glycosylated

Question 33

in some cases, cells purposefully rupture their lysosomes in an attempt to commit cellular suicide in a process known as --

Answer 33

apoptosis

Question 34

type of vacuole found within the endomembrane system that digest fatty acids and amino acids

Answer 34

peroxisomes

Question 35

peroxisomes can also degrade -- a metabolic waste product to water and oxygen gas

Answer 35

hydrogen peroxide

Question 36

energy producing organelle

Answer 36

mitochondria

Question 37

mitochondria have an inner and outer membrane and contain their own -- distinct from the one in the nucleus

Answer 37

DNA

Question 38

T/F: mitochondria can self-replicate

Answer 38

true

Question 39

-- is composed of three types of fibers that exist within the cytoplasm

Answer 39

cytoskeleton

Question 40

one type of hollow fiber, made of the protein tubulin, that is responsible for structural support and the maintenance of cell shape

Answer 40

microtubules

Question 41

microtubules also provide -- that allow for the movement of organelles within the cell

Answer 41

tracks

Question 42

during cell division, -- are used to help direct chromosomes through the cell

Answer 42

microtubules

Question 43

made of protein actin, they assist with cellular movement

Answer 43

microfilaments

Question 44

the -- of filaments vary from one cell type to the next

Answer 44

composition

Question 45

typically form a network throughout the cytoplasm and are anchored at the plasma membrane at specific points where the -- from one cell is in contact with the - from another

Answer 45

intermediate filament

Question 46

primary purpose of the intermediate filaments is -- for the cell

Answer 46

four classes of structural support

Question 47

four class of intermediate filaments = keratin filaments, vimentin filaments, neurofilaments, and --

Answer 47

nuclear lamins

Question 48

hairlike structures on the surface of some cells that move in synchronized motion

Answer 48

cilia

Question 49

cilia on the surface of cells lining the respiratory tract constantly -- in an attempt to catch and remove bacteria and particles that may enter the respiratory tract

Answer 49

move

Question 50

some animal cells, such as sperm, which essentially act as tails to allow for movement

Answer 50

flagella

Question 51

plant cell wall is composed of -- and serves to protect the cell from its environment and from desiccation

Answer 51

cellulose fiber

Question 52

chloroplasts are similar to mitochondria in that they have their own DNA and --

Answer 52

replicate independently

Question 53

plant cell's reserve storage for water, nutrients, and waste products

Answer 53

large central vacuole

Question 54

T/F: central vacuole typically takes up the majority of space within a plant cell

Answer 54

true

Question 55

purpose of the cell (plasma) membrane to form a -- barrier between the cell and its outside environment

Answer 55

selectively permeable

Question 56

membrane is composed of a phospholipid bilayer scattered with --

Answer 56

proteins

Question 57

phospholipid head is composed of a glycerol and -- that carries a charge

Answer 57

phosphate group

Question 58

phospholipid head is

Answer 58

hydrophilic

Question 59

tails of the phospholipid are composed of -- that are not charged and are hydrophobic

Answer 59

fatty acids

Question 60

phospholipids -- arrange themselves in a bilayer where the heads align themselves towards the inside and outside of the cell where water is located

Answer 60

spontaneously

Question 61

phospholipids are dynamic and rapidly move -- within within one plane of the membrane

Answer 61

laterally

Question 62

phospholipids will rarely -- to the opposite plane which is energetically unfavorable

Answer 62

flip

Question 63

there are proteins called -- that will flip a phospholipid from one plane to the other if this is required by the cell

Answer 63

flippases

Question 64

T/F: many molecules are capable of moving through the plasma membrane

Answer 64

true

Question 65

T/F: nonpolar molecules can travel across the plasma membrane

Answer 65

true

Question 66

while O2 and N2 are easily cross the membrane because they are -- and --

Answer 66

small and nonpolar

Question 67

ethanol and water are also able to cross the membrane even though they are --

Answer 67

polar

Question 68

the more important factor in determining whether or not a molecule will cross the lipid bilayer, in addition to the size limitation, is the -- of the molecule

Answer 68

charge

Question 69

charged molecules and -- will not pass through the bilayer regardless of size

Answer 69

ions

Question 70

K+, Na+, Ca2+, and Cl- will not pass through the membrane without the aid of a -- or transporter even though they are smaller than O2, N2, ethanol, and water

Answer 70

protein channel

Question 71

regulates the fluidity of the membrane

Answer 71

cholesterol

Question 72

proteins within the cell membrane that contain carbohydrates on the surface

Answer 72

glycoproteins

Question 73

lipids within the cell membrane that contain carbohydrates on the surface

Answer 73

glycolipids

Question 74

glycoproteins and glycolipids often serve as identifying markers or -- for the cell

Answer 74

antigens