Organelles Flashcards
(115 cards)
1
Q
All organisms are made of ______
A
cells
2
Q
The cell is the ______ collection of matter that can live
A
simplest
3
Q
Cell structure is correlated to ______
A
function
4
Q
All cells are ______ by their descent from earlier cells
A
related
5
Q
Though usually too small to be seen by the unaided eye, cells can be _____
A
complex
6
Q
Scientists use ______ to visualize cells too small to see with the naked eye
A
microscopes
7
Q
The quality of an image depends on ____, ______, and _______
A
magnification, resolution, and contrast
8
Q
The quality of an image depends on
A
magnification
9
Q
visible differences in parts of the sample
A
contrast
10
Q
the measure of the clarity of the image, or the minimum distance of two distinguishable points
A
resolution
11
Q
Resolution is _____ related to the wavelength used to visualize (Light, electron)
A
inversely
12
Q
In a ____ microscope, visible light passes through a specimen and then through glass lenses, which magnify the image
A
light
13
Q
LMs can magnify effectively to about _____ times the size of the actual specimen
A
1,000
14
Q
Various techniques enhance ______ and enable cell components to be stained or labeled
A
contrast
15
Q
Most subcellular structures, including organelles (membrane-enclosed compartments), are too _____ to be resolved by an LM
A
small
16
Q
Two basic types of electron microscopes (EMs) are used to study ______ structures
A
sub cellular
17
Q
Scanning electron microscopes (SEMs) focus a beam of electrons ____ __ _______ of a specimen, providing images that look 3-D
A
onto the surface
18
Q
Surface covered with a film of ____ in SEMs
A
gold
19
Q
Transmission electron microscopes (TEMs) focus a beam of electrons ______ __ ________
A
through a specimen
20
Q
TEMs are used mainly to study the ____ structure of cells
A
internal
21
Q
Cell fractionation takes cells ____ and ______ the major organelles from one another
A
apart; separates
22
Q
________ separate organelles into their component parts
A
ultracentrifuge
23
Q
Cell fractionation enables scientists to determine the ______ of organelles
A
functions
24
Q
_______ and ______ help correlate cell function with structure
A
biochemistry; cytology
25
The basic structural and functional unit of every organism is one of two types of cells: ______ or ________
eukaryotic; prokaryotic
26
Only organisms of the domains Bacteria and Archaea consist of ________ cells
prokaryotic
27
Protists, fungi, animals, and plants all consist of ________ cells
eukaryotic
28
Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have
plasma membrane, cytosol, chromosomes, ribosomes
29
a selective barrier that allows sufficient passage of oxygen, nutrients, and waste to service the volume of every cell
plasma membrane
30
The general structure of a biological membrane is a _____ layer of phospholipids
double
31
semifluid interior substance
cytosol
32
carry genes
chromosomes
33
make proteins
ribosomes
34
No nucleus
DNA in an unbound region called the nucleoid
No membrane-bound organelles
Cytoplasm bound by the plasma membrane
the basic characteristics of prokaryotic cells
35
DNA in a nucleus that is bounded by a membranous nuclear envelope
Membrane-bound organelles
Cytoplasm in the region between the plasma membrane and nucleus
the basic characteristics of eukaryotic cells
36
eukaryotic cells are generally much _____ than prokaryotic cells
larger
37
The surface area to volume ratio is ____ in a cell
critical
38
As the surface area increases by a factor of n2, the ______ increases by a factor of n3
volume
39
small cells have a greater _____ ___ relative to large cells
surface area
40
nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, plasma membrane are all organelles of the _________ system
endomembrane
41
Mitochondria
Chloroplasts
Peroxisomes are all organelles of the ______ group
energy conversion
42
The nucleus contains most of the cell’s ____ and is usually the most conspicuous organelle
genes
43
The nuclear envelope encloses the _____, separating it from the cytoplasm
nucleus
44
The nuclear membrane is a _____ membrane; each membrane consists of a lipid bilayer
double
45
Pores regulate the ____/_____ of molecules from the nucleus
entry/exit
46
The shape of the nucleus is maintained by the nuclear _____, which is composed of protein filaments
lamina
47
In the nucleus, DNA and proteins form genetic material called _____
chromatin
48
Chromatin ________ to form discrete chromosomes
condenses
49
The nucleolus is located within the nucleus and is the site of ________ ___synthesis
ribosomal RNA
50
responsible for the conversion of genetic material to protein
ribosomes
51
Ribosomes are particles made of _____ and _____
rRNA; protein
52
In the cytosol, ____ ribosomes generally make proteins for use in the cytosol
free
53
On the outside of the endoplasmic reticulum or the nuclear envelope, ______ ribosomes generally make proteins for transport through a membrane
bound
54
The _________ _______ accounts for more than half of the total membrane in many eukaryotic cells
endoplasmic reticulum
55
The ER membrane is ______ with the nuclear envelope
continuous
56
What are the 2 distinct regions of the ER?
rough ER and smooth ER
57
```
lacks ribosomes
Synthesizes lipids
Metabolizes carbohydrates
Detoxifies poison
Stores calcium
```
smooth ER
58
Has bound ribosomes, which secrete glycoproteins
Distributes transport vesicles, proteins surrounded by membranes
Is a membrane factory for the cell
rough ER
59
proteins covalently bonded to carbohydrates
glycoproteins
60
The Golgi apparatus consists of flattened membranous sacs called _______
cisternae
61
Modifies products of the ER
Manufactures certain macromolecules
Sorts and packages materials into transport vesicles
golgi apparatus
62
A _______ is a membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that can digest macromolecules
lysosome
63
Lysosomal enzymes can hydrolyze
proteins
fats
polysaccharides
nucleic acids
64
Some types of cell can engulf another cell by _________; this forms a food vacuole
phagocytosis
65
A lysosome fuses with the ____ _____ and digests the molecules
food vacuole
66
Lysosomes also use enzymes to recycle the cell’s own organelles and macromolecules, a process called ______
autophagy
67
A plant cell or fungal cell may have one or several _______
vacuoles
68
____ vacuoles are formed by phagocytosis
food
69
_______ vacuoles, found in many freshwater protists, pump excess water out of cells
contractile
70
_____ vacuoles, found in many mature plant cells, hold organic compounds and water
central
71
Mitochondria are the sites of ______ ________, a metabolic process that generates ATP
cellular respiration
72
Chloroplasts, found in plants and algae, are the sites of ________
photosynthesis
73
Peroxisomes are _____ organelles
oxidative
74
mitochondria and chloroplasts....
Are not part of the endomembrane system
Have a double membrane
Have proteins made by free ribosomes
Contain their own DNA
75
_______ are nearly in all eukaryotic cells
mitochondria
76
The inner membrane creates two compartments which are the
intermembrane space and mitochondrial matrix
77
Some metabolic steps of cellular respiration are catalyzed in the _______ _____
mitochondrial matrix
78
Cristae present a large ______ ____ for enzymes that synthesize ATP
surface area
79
The chloroplast is a member of a family of organelles called _____
plastids
80
Chloroplasts contain the green pigment ________, as well as enzymes and other molecules that function in photosynthesis
chlorophyll
81
Chloroplasts are found in leaves and other _____ organs of plants and in algae
green
82
Chloroplast structure includes
thylakoids and stroma
83
membranous sacs, stacked to form a granum
thylakoids
84
the internal fluid
stroma
85
_______ are specialized metabolic compartments bounded by a single membrane
peroxisomes
86
is used to break down different types of molecules
oxygen
87
Peroxisomes produce ______ ______
hydrogen peroxide
88
Convert H2O2 (which is toxic) to
water
89
The __________ is a network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm
cytoskeleton
90
_________ organizes the cell’s structures and activities, anchoring many organelles
cytoskeleton
91
What are the 3 types of structures that make up the cytoskeleton?
microtubules,microfilaments, and intermediate filaments
92
the functions of ______ include Shaping the cell,
Guiding movement of organelles, and
Separating chromosomes during cell division
microtubules
93
the thickest of the three components of the cytoskeleton
microtubules
94
The ________ is a “microtubule-organizing center”
centrosome
95
__________ control the beating of cilia and flagella, locomotor appendages of some cells
microtubules
96
Cilia and flagella _____ in their beating patterns
differ
97
A core of microtubules sheathed by the plasma membrane
A basal body that anchors the cilium or flagellum
A motor protein called dynein, which drives the bending movements of a cilium or flagellum
are all things ______ by cilia and flagella
shared
98
_____ arms alternately grab, move, and release the outer microtubules
dynein
99
also called actin filaments
| the thinnest components
microfilaments
100
The structural role of _______ is to bear tension, resisting pulling forces within the cell
microfilaments
101
fibers with diameters in a middle range
| They support cell shape and fix organelles in place
intermediate filaments
102
The extracellular structures are _____, _____, and ______
Cell walls of plants
The extracellular matrix (ECM) of animal cells
Intercellular junctions
103
distinguishes plant cells from animal cells
| Prokaryotes, fungi, and some protists also have this
plant cell wall
104
Protects the plant cell, maintains its shape, and prevents excessive uptake of water
Made of cellulose fibers embedded in other polysaccharides and protein
plant cell wall
105
what are the 3 layers of plant cell walls?
primary, middle lamella, and secondary cell wall
106
__________ are channels between adjacent plant cells
Plasmodesmata
107
____ _____ lack cell walls but are covered by an elaborate extracellular matrix (ECM)
animal cells
108
ECM proteins bind to receptor proteins in the plasma membrane called _____
integrins
109
Functions of the ECM:
Support
Adhesion
Movement
Regulation
110
Neighboring cells in tissues, organs, or organ systems often adhere, interact, and communicate through direct physical contact; _______ ______ facilitate this contact
Intercellular junctions
111
plasmodesmata, tight junctions, desmosomes, and gap auctions are all types of _______ ______
intercellular junctions
112
channels that perforate plant cell walls. Through these junctions, water and small solutes (and sometimes proteins and RNA) can pass from cell to cell
plasmodesmata
113
membranes of neighboring cells are pressed together, preventing leakage of extracellular fluid
tight junctions
114
(anchoring junctions) fasten cells together into strong sheets
desmosomes
115
(communicating junctions) provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent cells
gap junctions
