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Organelles Flashcards

(50 cards)

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1
Q

Nucleus function

A

Contains genetic material as DNA + chromosomes

Control centre through production of mRNA and tRNA and protein synthesis

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2
Q

Nuclear structure

A 
Nuclear envelope 
Nuclear pores
Nucleoplasm 
Chromosomes 
Nucleolus
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3
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

Double membrane surrounding nucleus

Control entry and exit of substances and controls reactions

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4
Q

Nuclear pores

A

Passage of large molecules

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5
Q

Nucleoplasm

A

Makes up cell

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6
Q

Chromosomes

A

Protein bound linear DNA

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7
Q

Nucleolus

A

Manufacture ribosomal RNA and assembles ribosomes

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8
Q

Mitrochondrian

A

Sit of respiration

Responsible for ATP production

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9
Q

Double membrane

Mitrochondrian

A

Control movement, inner fold is called Cristae

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10
Q

Cristae

A

Extensions of inner membrane

Provide SA for attachment of enzymes and proteins for respiration

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11
Q

Matrix

A

Contain protein, lipids, ribosomes and DNA for producing proteins

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12
Q

Golgi apparatus structure

A

Consists of stack of membranes = cisternae
Small round hollow structures = vesicles
Proteins and lipids produced by ER passed through

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13
Q

Golgi apparatus

A 
Add carbohydrates to proteins = glycoproteins 
Produce secretary enzymes 
Secrete carbohydrates 
Transport modify and store lipids 
Form lysosomes
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14
Q

Lysosomes

A

Hydrolyse material injested by phagocytic cells
Release enzymes to destroy surrounding material
Digest worn out organelles so useful chemicals reused
Break down dead cells

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15
Q

Ribosomes

A

80s in eukaryotic
70s in prokaryotic
Large and small subunits contain ribosomal RNA and protein

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16
Q

Cell wall

A

Consists of microfibrils in a matrix = strength
Thin layer middle lamellar marking boundary between adjacent cell walls and cements adjacent cells together
Provide strength to stop bursting
Allow water to pass

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17
Q

Vacuoles

A

Fluid filled, single membrane sac
Support herbaceous plants by making turgid
Sugars and amino acids form food store
Pigments colour petals

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18
Q

Prophase

A

Chromosomes visible
Chromosomes thicken and shorter
Nuclear envelope disappears
Spindle fibres develop from pole to pole

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19
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromosomes made up of 2 identical chromatid joined by centromere where microfibrils are attached. Chromosomes pulled along spindle apparatus and arrange across equator of cell

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20
Q

Telophase

A

Chromosomes lengthen and thinnen - disappear leaving widely spread chromatin
Nuclear envelope and nucleolus reform

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21
Q

Anaphase

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A

Centromeres divide into 2
Spindle fibres pull chromatid making chromosome part
Chromatids move to opposite poles - now chromosomes

22
Q

Cytokinesis

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A

Cytoplasm divides

23
Q

Interphase

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A

Growth of cytoplasm and organelles
DNA replicated
Organelles grow and divide and energy stores increase

24
Q

Cell cycle

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A

Interphase mitosis cytokinesis

25
Cancer
Group of diseases caused by a growth disorder of cells Result of damage to genes that regulate mitosis and the cell cycle Cancerous cells divide repeatedly out of control
26
Tumor
A group of abnormal cells
27
Mitosis in prokaryotic cells
Mitosis didn't occur binary fission does by the replication of chromosomes
28
Mitosis
Enables multi-cellular organisms to grow Enables replacement of work out/damaged cells Asexual reproduction in single felled organisms Gives an identical copy of the generic material -clones DNA must be copied then divide Exactly so each cell gets an identical copy All cells within an organism have the same genes
29
Epithelial tissue
Covering tissues Can be collated or secretory Protect organs Line ducts and blood vessels Types : flat, cuboidal, columnar
30
Unicellular organisms
Prokaryotes are unicellular organisms Some algae, some protocists and some eukaryotes Can do everything to stay alive ✔️need fewer resources ✔️can live in harsher conditions
31
Development to organisms
Zygote ➡️ blastocyst ➡️ embryo ➡️ developed organism
32
Stem cells
Can develop into any cell
33
Multicellular organism
Multicellular organisms develop Their cells differentiate Become specialised and form levels of organisation Plants animals some Protists and most fungi ✔️doesn't matter if one cell dies ✔️specialised cells adapted to a particular function: more efficient so function effectively
34
Viruses
``` Acellular and non-living particles Diverse - size and shape (20nm-75nm) Genetic material can be RNA or DNA Either single or double stranded Obligate parasites Can only replicated in other living cells ```
35
Murrein
Made up of polysaccharides and peptides | Strengthens cell walls
36
Plasmid
Little loops of DNA Allow bacteria to swap useful genes between each other Used as vectors in genetic engineering
37
Prokaryotic cells
- don't contain a membrane, bound nucleus or any bound organelles - cell division/reproduction always asexual - more than one flagella allowing movement - small cells (unicellular) - no nucleus or membrane bound organelles - DNA circular without proteins - Ribosomes small 70s - May secrete protective capsule outside cell
38
Eukaryotic cell
- contains a nucleus and other membranes, organelles are bound - large cells - multi cellular - nucleus and other membrane bound organelles - DNA linear and associated with proteins ➡️ chromatin - ribosomes large 80s - No flagella exc. sperm - cell division/reproduction by mitosis/meiosis
39
Resolution
The ability to distinguish between 2 points of an image - the amount of detail Limited by wavelength of light ➡️ overcome by using electron microscope as smaller wavelength If 2 objects are less than 200nm apart they are seen as on object
40
Magnification
How much bigger a sample appears to be under the microscope than it is in real life Increasing magnification doesn't increase the clarity of the image
41
Magnification equation
Total magnification = objective magnification ✖️ eyepiece magnification
42
Pyrons
Self replicating proteins containing no genetic material
43
Ultracentrifugation
- spin the sample so particles settle out under gravity to separate fragments - at each speed increase the next heaviest organelle is sedimented and separated out - can't be used for bacteria as too small
44
Homogenation
Daniel blended up in a ice cold isotonic buffer solution breaking up the cells to release the organelles Stop enzyme reactions, stop osmosis and prevent pH change
45
Limitations of light microscope
Resolution (only distinguish points of 0.25 micrometers apart) Can't see organelles only the general structure
46
The light microscope
Can magnify up to 1500 times If cells stained can see dark nucleus surrounded by light cytoplasm ✔️can see living specimens
47
Scanning electron microscope 🔬
Lenses are electromagnets Used to magnify surface features of a cell or organisms Computer generate image -3D Resolution- 20nm Specimen can be thicker as electrons don't penetrate - beam pass back and fourth Easier to interpret images then TEM Has to be in vacuum so no living specimens can be observed
48
Limitation of both electron microscopes
- can't observe living specimens - only get 2D image - sampling method complex - no colour - image may contain artifices that are natural part of the specimen - images can be built up to 3D but this takes time
49
Transmission microscope 🔬
Very thin stained specimens Must be in vacuum Some electrons are absorbed whilst other lass through
50
Electron microscopes
Can magnify objects more than 500000 times allowing greater detail up be observed 2 types scanning and transmission Electrons focused using electromagnets Must be in vacuum

Cells (1 decks)

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