organelles part 2 Flashcards by Jessica Kasapi

general characteristics of lysosomes

digest macromolecules
- can degrade all cellular components
- contain acid hydrolyses
resident proteins modified by Golgi apparatus and trafficked via vesicles

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what is the structure of lysosomes

heterogenous –> have vesicles leaving and coming in which constantly changes shape
non uniform structure

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delivering materials to endosomes

endocytosis 
- brings in part of membrane
phagocytocysis
- brings in larger particles
autophagy
- old organelles are targeted

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what organelle acts as a lysosome in plants and fungi?

vacuoles
- contain hydrolytic enzymes
- also store nutrients and waste
different functions for different vacuoles

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characteristics of peroxisomes

not part of endomembranous system
single membrane organs
perform oxidation reactions

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how do peroxisomes convert hydrogen peroxide into something less toxic?

peroxidation

- convert h202 to h20

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what is Zellweger syndrome

peroxisome disorder

causes abnormalities in brain, liver, kidneys and other physical deformities

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general characteristics of mitochondria cell cycle

maintain own DNA, but incomplete
require proteins from cytosol
replication resembles bacteria

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mitochondria: outer membrane

fatty acid breakdown

adding or removing carbons

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inner membrane

site of electron transport chain

site of oxidative phosphorylation

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matrix

cite of citric acid cycle

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what is glycolysis

6 carbon glucose is oxidized to 2 3 carbon pyruvate
produces little ATP
reduces electron carriers

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what are the major product of glycolysis

glucose + 2NAD + 2ADP + 2P–>

2 pyruvate + 2NADH + 2H + 2 ATP

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what are the names for the citric acid cycle

tricaboxylic acid cycle
citric acid cycle
krebbs cycle

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what are the products of TCA cycle

1 glucose:
glucose + 10 NAD + 2FAD + 4 ADP +4P–>
6CO2 + 10 NADH + 2FADH + 4 ATP

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what is the purpose of the citric acid cycle

doesn’t produce much ATP but electron carriers will down the road

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what is the electron transport chain (respiration)

electrons passed through a series of pumps to terminal electron acceptor (oxygen)
creates a proton gradient

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why do we need an electron transportt chain

use heat energy to do work

avoid combustion

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exergonic

number
spontaneous
favorable

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endergonic

+ number
non spontaneous
unfavourable

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what is the most favourable free energy

biggest number for acceptor

smallest number for donor

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what is the chemiosmotic hypothesis

transfer of electrons in ETC creates a proton gradient that leads to a chemical and charge gradient
- proton motive force

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what properties make up the proton motive force?

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chemical gradient + charge gradient

what is the definitive experiment

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demonstrated that the electron transport chain isn’t linked

in the absence of light, no proton movement and no ATP produced

how many protons are required to produce a full turn of the proton path

10 subunits = 10 protons

what is the ratio of protons to ATP yield?

4 protons per ATP | or 12 protons for 4 ATP

what are the 3 conformations of ATP synthase

Open --> allows things to move in/out Loose--> holds ADP and Pi Tense --> converts ADP and Pi to ATP

general overview of oxidative phosphorylation

electron transport chain pumps protons along series of pumps to ATP synthase where the movement of protons produce ATP

what are the 2 stages of oxidative phosphorylation (process of chemiosmotic coupling)

1. high energy Es are used to pump H+ across a membrane | 2. H+ flows down the gradient through ATP synthase

where are the protons pumped during OP and where do they go?

pumped from mitochondrial matrix and into inner membrane space

what happens if oxidative phosphorylation is uncoupled?

lose the proton gradient, lose production of ATP and cell will lose energy no matter how hard it works

what complex does cyanide inhibit

complex 4, cytochrome oxidase uncouples oxidative phosphorylation by inhibiting this complex (stops electron chain, no regeneration of NAD+, no TCA cycle)

what is the purpose of brown fat cells and where is it found

brown fat cells purposefully uncouple OP to generate heat and couple to Thermogenin (produce heat energy) found in infants

what is the direction of proton motive force due to membrane potential and H+ gradient

membrane potential --> flow from + to - | H+ gradient --> flow from [high] to [low]

what process is utilized during exercise

anaerobic glycolysis, fermentation keeps going NO OXYGEN

what is the net rxn of glycolysis

glucose + 2NAD + 2ADP + 2P --> 2 pyruvate + 2NADH + 2ATP + 2H

what is the net rxn of TCA

glucose + 10 NAD + 2FAD + 4ADP 4Pi --> 6CO2 + 10NADH + 2 FADH + 4ATP

what is the net rxn of oxidative phosphorylation

10NADH +10H + 2FADH + 6CO2 + 34 ADP + 24 P--> 10 NAD + 2 FAD + 2H20 +34 ATP

what is photosynthesis and where does it take place

light energy is harvested and CO2 is fixed as carbohydrates, takes place in chloroplasts of plants

how did chloroplasts arise

may have been ancient cyanobacteria taken up by a cell

what is the net rxn of carbon dioxide fixation

light + 6CO2 + 6H20 --> C6H12O6 + 6O2

what is the electron donor utilized in oxygenic photosynthesis

H20

what is the light rxn

photosynthetic e- transfer

what is the dark rxn

carbon fixation (independant of light)

where are protons pumped from and where do they go in chloroplasts

pumped from storm and into the thylakoid lumen | flow down from lumen back into storm

what is chlorophyll and what does it do

pigment embedded in the membrane, within photosystem, converts solar energy into chemical energy

why do plants use photosynthesis rather than oxidative phosphorylation?

get electrons from water, water cannot directly donate its water to anyone so it must be energized with light not enough energy would be produced to keep cell alive based on waters low E'

what is produced when you take protons from water?

oxygenic reactions --> O2

what does photosystem I do ?

accepts electrons from PC and passes them to ferradoxin

what does photosystem II do?

removes the electrons from water and passes to MSP

what does cytochrome B do ?

receives electrons from PS II and passes to PS I

what is catabolism?

glucose is broken down into smaller molecules and reduced electron carriers and ATP (glycolysis)

what is anabolism?

ATP is used to build glucose and larger molecules

where is the electron transport chain located in the chloroplast ? where is it in the mitochondria?

chloroplast --> thylakoid membrane | mitochondria --> inner membrane

what is the Calvin cycle

cycle used by most organisms to get carbon from CO2 from 5C molecule to 3C molecules 5C molecule + 1 C = 6 C molecule --> split into 2 3C molecules

organelles part 2 Flashcards

(55 cards)