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CMB > Organelles Self-study > Flashcards

Organelles Self-study Flashcards

1
Q

Phospholipids

A
  • Found in cell membranes - Glycerol molecule with two fatty acid chains and one phosphate containing side group attached - forms the lipid bilayer - Amphipathic – having both hydrophilic (head) and hydrophobic (tail) domain in the same molecule
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2
Q

Neutral lipids

A
  • Found in cell membranes - Primarily cholesterol and cholesterol esters - Important for control of membrane fluidity
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3
Q

Glycolipids

A
  • Found in cell membranes - Glycerol chain with two fatty acid chains and one carbohydrate group attached - Most important as antigens or membrane recognition molecules
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4
Q

Where are phospholipids synthesized?

A

on the endoplasmic reticulum membrane

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5
Q

Integral membrane proteins

A
  • Proteins embedded in the lipid bilayer - They may span entire bilayer in one-pass or multi-passes - May be embedded in just the outer or inner portion - Some are glycoproteins with an attached carbohydrate chain on the outer cell surface.
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6
Q

Peripheral membrane proteins

A

Protein closely associated with the inner surface of the membrane by interaction with membrane lipids, integral membrane proteins or both

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7
Q

Zonula Occludens

A
  • tight junctions - closely associated areas of two cells whose membranes join together forming a virtually impermeable barrier to fluid
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8
Q

Zonula Adherens

A

protein complexes that occur at cell–cell junctions in epithelial and endothelial tissues, usually more basal than tight junctions

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9
Q

Desmosomes

A
  • also macula adherens - they are localized spot-like adhesions randomly arranged on the lateral sides of plasma membranes - anchors cells to adjacent cells to maintain tissue integrity
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10
Q

Gap junctions

A
  • Bridges the space or gap between cells - allows molecules, ions, electrical impulses to pass through regulated gates between calls - They are arranged in arrays to form channels
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11
Q

The nucleus is lined by …., called the …

A

The nucleus is lined by fibrous meshwork, called the nuclear lamina.

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12
Q

Nuclear Pore Complex formed by specific proteins that …

A

Nuclear Pore Complex formed by specific proteins that regulate movement of material (RNAs, proteins and ribosome subunits) in and out of nucleus.

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13
Q

In the Nuclear Pore Complex, proteins are carried in via binding to a carrier protein called …

A

In the Nuclear Pore Complex, proteins are carried in via binding to a carrier protein called importin.

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14
Q

Chromatin is organized as …

A

euchromatin and heterochromatin

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15
Q

Heterochromatin

A
  • condensed chromatin (tightly packed DNA) - transcription inactive - located peripherally in the nucleus
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16
Q

Euchromatin

A
  • extended chromatin - transcriptionally active - makes up 92% of chromatin
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17
Q

Functions of the nucleus

A
  1. transmission of genetic material from generation to generation 2. transcription of RNA 3. Formation of ribosomes
18
Q

Structure of Golgi Apparatus

A
  • stack of membrane bound disc shaped cisternae - cis face - entry face. Closely associated with RER - Trans face - exit face. Closely associated with trans network
19
Q

Trans golgi network

A

interconnected membrane bound vesicles directing material to various locations in the cell after leaving the Golgi Apparatus

20
Q

Structure of mitochondria

A

tubular or sausage shaped structures with a double membrane

21
Q

The outer membrane of mitochondria is

A

highly permeable

22
Q

The inner membrane of mitochondria is …. forming ….

A

highly folded, cristae

23
Q

Myosins are …

A
  • family of ATP-dependent motor proteins - known for their role in muscle contraction
24
Q

Extracellular Matrix (ECM)

A

-a collection of extracellular molecules secreted by cells that provides structural and biochemical support to the surrounding cells - consists of ground substance and fibers

25
Q

Ground substance (ECM)

A

amorphous and couscous intercellular mixture of proteoglycans, structural glycoproteins, and tissue fluid

26
Q

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)

A
  • found in ground substance of ECM - long, unbranched molecules composed of disaccharides, with an amino group (sulphated) and glucohyaluronic acid - the negative charge attracts cations, which attract water (hydrophilic) to help resist compression forces
27
Q

Proteoglycans (in ground substance)

A
  • a very large molecule which consists of GAGs bound covalently to a protein core, which is in turn, attached via a link protein to hyaluronic acid - Proteoglycans provide a gel state in the ECM and also provide some of its barrier functions - location: basement membranes, eye, skin, blood vessels, and cartilage
28
Q

Structural glycoproteins (found in ground substance) are molecules that bind … They are involved in cell …

A

Structural glycoproteins (found in ground substance) are molecules that bind cells to the ECM. They are involved in cell adhesion and migration.

29
Q

fibronectin

A
  • glycoprotein - derived from fibroblasts - binding sites on cell surface, in basement membrane, along collagen fibers, chemotactic
30
Q

laminin

A
  • glycoprotein - derived from epithelial cells - found in the basal lamina - binds type IV collagen
31
Q

chondronectin

A
  • glycoprotein - derived from chondrocytes - found in cartilage - binds to type II collagen
32
Q

osteonectin

A
  • glycoprotein - found in bone - associated with type I collagen
33
Q

Tissue fluid in ground substance

A
  • similar to and derived from the blood plasma - bound to the negatively charged GAGs - transports nutrients and wastes by hydrostatic and osmotic pressure 
34
Q

reticular fibers

A
  • type III collagen - thinner fibrils - located in smooth muscle, nerve
35
Q

Epithelial tissue may be derived from all three embryonic germ layers (…..). However, most epithelia are derived from the … and ….

A

Epithelial tissue may be derived from all three embryonic germ layers (ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm). However, most epithelia are derived from the ectoderm and endoderm.

36
Q

The epithelium is attached to ….

A

the basal lamina

37
Q

The basal lamina is produced by

A

epithelial cells

38
Q

Epithelial cells are …., they receive … via blood vessels in the underlying ….

A

Epithelial cells are avascular, they receive nutrients, O2 via blood vessels in the underlying connective tissue.

39
Q

Stratified epithelium are classified according to the morphology of the …

A

apical cell layer

40
Q

Glycocalyx

A

In the cell membrane, the carbohydrate-rich region of glycolipids is referred to as the glycocalyx

CMB (5 decks)

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