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Chem > Organic 1 > Flashcards

Organic 1 Flashcards

(54 cards)

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1
Q

Q: What defines a hydrocarbon?

A

A: Compound containing only hydrogen and carbon

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2
Q

Q: How are organic molecules represented?

A

A: Empirical

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3
Q

Q: Define homologous series and functional group.

A

A: Family with same functional group and general formula; functional group determines chemical properties

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4
Q

Q: IUPAC naming rules.

A

A: Longest chain

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5
Q
A
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6
Q

Q: What is structural isomerism?

A

A: Same molecular formula different structures

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7
Q

Q: Define stereoisomerism.

A

A: Same structural formula different spatial rearrangement

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8
Q

Q: General formula of alkanes.

A

A: CnH2n+2

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9
Q

Q: Why are alkanes saturated?

A

A: Only single C-C bonds

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10
Q

Q: How are alkane fuels produced?

A

A: Fractional distillation

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11
Q

Q: Pollutants from alkane combustion.

A

A: CO

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12
Q

Q: Problems caused by CO and NOx/SOx.

A

A: CO toxic; NOx/SOx cause acid rain

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13
Q

Q: Role of catalytic converters.

A

A: Convert CO

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14
Q

Q: Define a radical.

A

A: Species with unpaired electron formed via homolytic fission

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15
Q

Q: Steps in radical substitution.

A

A: Initiation

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16
Q

Q: Limitations of radical substitution.

A

A: Mixture of products due to further substitution

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17
Q

Q: General formula of alkenes.

A

A: CnH2n

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18
Q

Q: Bonding in alkenes.

A

A: One σ-bond and one π-bond

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19
Q

Q: What is an electrophile?

A

A: Electron-deficient species (electron pair acceptor)

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20
Q

Q: Test for C=C bonds.

A

A: Bromine water decolourises

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21
Q

Q: Alkene + H2O (acid catalyst).

A

A: Forms alcohol

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22
Q

Q: Mechanism of electrophilic addition.

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A

A: Electrophile attacks π-bond → carbocation → nucleophile addition

23
Q

Q: Major product in HBr addition.

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A

A: Forms via most stable carbocation (tertiary > secondary > primary)

24
Q

Q: Addition polymerisation.

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A

A: Alkenes → polymers (e.g.

25
Q: Polymer disposal methods.
A: Recycling
26
Q: Classify halogenoalkanes.
A: Primary (1 C attached)
27
Q: Define nucleophile.
A: Electron pair donor (e.g.
28
Q: Halogenoalkane + aqueous KOH.
A: Alcohol via nucleophilic substitution
29
Q: Halogenoalkane + ethanolic KOH.
A: Alkene via elimination
30
Q: Trend in hydrolysis rates.
A: Iodo > bromo > chloro (weaker C-X bonds)
31
Q: SN1 vs SN2 mechanisms.
A: SN1: carbocation intermediate; SN2: backside attack
32
Q: Primary alcohol oxidation.
A: Aldehyde → carboxylic acid (with excess oxidising agent)
33
Q: Secondary alcohol oxidation.
A: Ketone (no further oxidation)
34
Q: Tertiary alcohol oxidation.
A: No reaction
35
Q: Alcohol dehydration conditions.
A: Concentrated H3PO4
36
Q: Test for aldehydes.
A: Fehling’s/Benedict’s: blue → red precipitate
37
Q: Reflux vs distillation.
A: Reflux: continuous heating; distillation: collect volatile products
38
Q: Purifying organic liquids.
A: Washing
39
Q: Radical substitution example.
A: CH4 + Cl2 → CH3Cl (UV light
40
Q: E/Z isomerism requirements.
A: Restricted C=C rotation + different groups on each carbon
41
Q: Acid rain causes.
A: SO2/NOx reacting with atmospheric water
42
Q: Biofuel example.
A: Biodiesel (from plant oils) or ethanol (fermentation)
43
Q: Cracking purpose.
A: Break large alkanes → smaller alkenes/alkanes (higher demand)
44
Q: Fractional distillation process.
A: Separates hydrocarbons by boiling point (larger chains → lower fractions)
45
Q: Electrophile in alkene + Br2.
A: Induced dipole Brδ+
46
Q: Halogenoalkane polarity.
A: Cδ+ (due to electronegative halogen)
47
Q: Green chemistry in polymers.
A: Biodegradable polymers
48
Q: Oxidation agent for alcohols.
A: K2Cr2O7/H2SO4 (orange → green Cr³⁺)
49
Q: Fermentation conditions.
A: Yeast
50
Q: Alkene reactivity vs alkane.
A: Alkenes more reactive (π-bond high electron density)
51
Q: Carboxylic acid test.
A: Na2CO3 → CO2 effervescence
52
Q: Esterification reactants.
A: Alcohol + carboxylic acid (H2SO4 catalyst)
53
Q: Core practical: ethanol oxidation.
A: K2Cr2O7/H2SO4
54
Q: Core practical: halogenoalkane hydrolysis.
A: AgNO3 in ethanol → precipitate rate (I⁻ > Br⁻ > Cl⁻)

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