Organic 1 - 4.5

Question 1

What is crude oil made up of?

Answer 1

Crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons

Question 2

What makes up a hydrocarbon?

Answer 2

a hydrocarbon compound is made up of hydrogen and carbon ONLY

Question 3

What happens as the fractions boiling point increases?

Answer 3

• the fractions get darker in colour
• the fractions get more viscous

Question 4

What are the important fractions?

Answer 4

Refinery gases
Gasoline
Kerosene
Diesel
Fuel oil
Bitumen

Question 5

What is the use of refinery gases?

Answer 5

FUEL for home cooking

Question 6

What is the use of gasoline?

Answer 6

FUEL for cars

Question 7

What is the use of kerosene?

Answer 7

FUEL for aircraft

Question 8

What is the use of diesel?

Answer 8

FUEL for trains

Question 9

What is the use of fuel oil?

Answer 9

FUEL for ships

Question 10

What is the use of bitumen?

Answer 10

making road

NOT FUEL

Question 11

What happens during fractional distillation?

Answer 11

Each of the fractions is separated from crude oil by fractional distillation.
The fractional distillation of crude oil is done industrially on a large scale.
The fractionating column is hotter at the bottom and colder at the top.

Question 12

How does fractional distillation work?

Answer 12

1. Crude oil is heated/vapourised
2. The vapour passes into/rises up the fractioning column
3. Different vapours condense at different heights due to their different boiling points
4. Similar vapours condense together as a fraction.

Question 13

What is the general formula for alkanes?

Answer 13

CnH2n+2

Question 14

What is meant by the term homologous series?

Answer 14

A family of molecules which have:
similar chemical reactions
trends in physical properties
the same general formula

Question 15

What is meant by the term isomerism?

Answer 15

Isomers are molecules with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae

Question 16

What are the products of complete combustion of hydrocarbons?

Answer 16

carbon dioxide
water

Question 17

What are the products of incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons?

Answer 17

Carbon monoxide
Soot - causes lung disease

Question 18

What type of reaction occurs with alkanes when they react with halogens - substitution or addition?

Answer 18

substitution - because it will swap
the reaction requires UV light - because the alkane is pretty unreactive

Question 19

Why is carbon monoxide poisonous?

Answer 19

a toxic gas that lowers the oxygen carrying capacity of blood

Question 20

What pollutants does the combustion of alkanes as fuels release in the atmosphere?

Answer 20

Carbon dioxide - forms directly from the combustion of the alkane fuel.
It is a greenhouse gas that traps heat in the atmosphere and causes climate change

Nitrogen oxides - form when nitrogen from the air combusts.
Usually nitrogen doesn’t combust but car engines are really, really hot.
They dissolve in rainwater to form acid rain, which corrodes structures and is harmful
to plant and aquatic life.

Sulphur dioxide - This forms when sulphur impurities in the fuel combust.
Like nitrogen oxides, it also dissolves in rainwater to form acid rain.

Question 21

Why are alkanes classified as saturated carbons?

Answer 21

because they do NOT have a double carbon bond

Question 22

What is the general formula for alkenes?

Answer 22

CnH2n

Question 23

Why are alkenes classified as unsaturated hydrocarbons?

Answer 23

They DO contain a double carbon bond

Question 24

What happens when alkenes react with bromine?

Answer 24

break the double carbon bond and add the bromine atoms in
addition reaction
works with pure bromine liquid or bromine water
mixture turns ORANGE to COLOURLESS - because the bromine is used up in the reaction

this reaction is used as a test for the double carbon bond in unsaturated compounds

Question 25

What is an addition polymer?

Answer 25

an addition polymer forms when molecules with a double carbon bond add into chains

Question 26

What are the problems with the disposal of addition polymers?

Answer 26

Addition polymers are inert, which means they’re chemically very unreactive. This means they don’t break down very easily take up a lot of space

Question 27

What are the only options for disposal of an unwanted addition polymer?

Answer 27

Reuse it, or give it to someone else who will use it Recycle it, which allows it to be reshaped for another use. Incinerate it, and use the energy released to generate electricity. Chuck it onto landfill, and hope it goes away

Question 28

Explain why cracking is a useful process in the oil industry

Answer 28

shorter chains are more useful cracking produces short chain alkanes short alkanes can be used as fuels alkenes can be used to make polymers

Question 29

What is the description of a monomer?

Answer 29

a molecule used to make a polymer

Question 30

What is meant by the term biodigrade?

Answer 30

breaks down by bacteria/microorganisms

Question 31

What property of polymers prevents them from biodegrading?

Answer 31

inert / unreactive

Question 32

What is meant by the term polymer?

Answer 32

a long chain formed when monomers join together

Question 33

State the changes that occur in the formation of an addition polymer from its monomer.

Answer 33

double carbon bond becomes a single carbon bond increases in mass monomers join together to form a long chain