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Chem inorganic > ORGANIC > Flashcards

ORGANIC Flashcards

(65 cards)

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1
Q

Is the more electronegative element the oxidising or reducing agent?

A

oxidising agent

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2
Q

When something gains electrons in a reaction it is called the ? agent and it is?.

A

oxidising agent, it is reduced

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3
Q

What happens to oxidation state when something is oxidised?

A

oxidation number increases

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4
Q

What is oxidation in terms of oxygen?

A

When oxygen is gained to form an oxide

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5
Q

What is the charge on SO4?

A

2-

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6
Q

Group 2 elements always have an oxidation state of?

A

+2

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7
Q

What is the mnemonic for remembering ‘usually rules’?

A

Faries Hate Orange Clovers

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8
Q

What is disproportionation?

A

when the same element is oxidised and reduced

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9
Q

CN + HALOGENOALKANE reacts to make

A

nitrile

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10
Q

What are the conditions for the elimination of a haloalkene?

A

KOH ethanolic

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11
Q

Why are TMS peaks easy to detect?

A

TMS has one carbon environment but there are four carbons in the environment so it produces one high-intensity peak, making et easy to detect.

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12
Q

Where does the TMS peak appear in NMR and why?

A

Further to the right because the carbons have more electron density as they are close to a low electronegativity Si

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13
Q

Why is it easy to remove TMS from a sample?

A

TMS is very volatile / has a low boiling point

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14
Q

What makes TMS a good universal NMR standard?

A

Non-reactive, Volatile/low boiling point/ non-toxic, one carbon environment, doesn’t react with other peaks

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15
Q

Which type of NMR is simpler?

A

H NMR

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16
Q

What scale is used for recording chemical shift?

A

δ

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17
Q

What does chemical shift depend on?

A

The molecular environment

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18
Q

How are H NMR Sample obtained?

A

Using samples dissolved in deuterated solvents or CCl4

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19
Q

What is the n+1 rule?

A

Splitting is equal to the number or neighboring non equivalent hydrogens plus one. Excluding hydrogens bonded to hydrogen or oxygen.

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20
Q

Hydrogens bonded to O or N result in?

A

No splitting and the peaks do not split themselves

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21
Q

H NMR uses which standard?

A

TMS

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22
Q

Components travel faster through the column in chromatography when….

A

They have lower retention in the stationary phase and higher solubility in the moving phase

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23
Q

In gas and column chromatography? is measured.

A

Retention time

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24
Q

Compared to similar-sized molecules amino acids have a ? boiling point?

A

much higher

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25
How do amino acids appear in neutral conditions?
Zwitterions
26
Are amino acids soluble in water?
yes
27
TLC plates are usually coated in?
silical gel
28
What forms the secondary structure of a protein?
interactions between peptide links
29
Which forces arise in the tertiary structure of a protein?
ionic interactions, hydrogen bonding, covalent (disulfide)
30
What is the polymer of chloroethene?
poly(chloroethENE)
31
How can a polymer be made more flexible?
use of plasticisers
32
How can a polymer be made more flexible?
use of plasticisers
33
What reactants for a condensation polymer?
diol and dicarboxylic acid
34
How are polyamides made?
diamine and dicarboxylic acid
35
What is teryline used for?
ship sails
36
What polyester must be remembered?
terylene`
37
Which polyamides must be remembered?
nylon 6,6 and kevlar (benzene)
38
Which polymers are biodegradable? Which are not?
Condensation are addition are not
39
Why are some polymers biodegradable
carbonyl group is polar so can reacct with nucleophiles such as water to break it down
40
Describe the action of cisplatin
ligand substitution Cl for water then binds to N of guanine
41
What is the overall reaction for an acyl chloride and benzene?
C6H6+RCOCl=C6H5COR+HCl
42
What is the equation for the regeneration of the catalyst in friedel crafts?
AlCl- +H+ =AlCl3 + HCl
43
State the role of AlCl3 in the acylation of benzene?
catalyst
44
Name the reagents required for the nitration of benzene
CONC H2SO4 AND CONC HNO3
45
Write the overall equation for the preparation of nitrobenzene from benzene
benzene + HNO3 reacts to make nitrobenzene and water
46
Why do carboxylic acids have high melting points?
they are able to form dimers
47
Which ion does butanoic acid form?
butanoate ion
48
Carboxylic acids ionise to form?
carboxylate ions with the -oate ion suffix rather than -oic acid
49
What are the conditions for the formation of an ester?
heat and strong acid e.g. H2SO4
50
How is soap made?
Boiling an ester obtained from natural sources for several hours with concentrated NaOH
51
How is biodieselmade?
Heating esters previously used in food preparation with methanol for many hours
52
Acyl chlorides and acid anhydrides both
react with water
53
EXCESS Ammonia + ethanoyl chloride reacts to make?
amide + ammonium chlorde
54
A larger difference in theoretical and experimental lattice enthalpies means
more covalent character more polarisation
55
The perfect ionic model assumes that
all ions are spherical and all bonding is 100% ionic
56
How does silicon dioxide react with hot concentrated sodium hydroxide?
SiO2+2NaOH=Na2SiO3+H20`
57
Phosphorus 5 reacts with?
bases and water
58
How does phospohorous oxide react with potassium hydroxide?
P4O10+12KOH=4K3PO4+6h20
59
P4010 AND SO3 both react vigourously with so they do not react directly with bases
water
60
When oxides of sulfur react with bases the by product is?
one molecule of water
61
What is the standard state of sulfer trioxide and sulfur dioixide
so2 is gas so3 is liquid
62
Alkene + Water is what type of reaction?
reversible
63
What are the conditions for the hydration of ethene?
300 degrees celcius, conc phosphoric acid catalyst 6000kPa
64
What are the conditions for the fermentation
25-40 degrees celcius, anaerobic
65
What does carbon neutral mean?
no overall carbon emission into the atmosphere

Chem inorganic (3 decks)

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