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Chem inorganic > ORGANIC > Flashcards

ORGANIC Flashcards

1
Q

Is the more electronegative element the oxidising or reducing agent?

A

oxidising agent

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2
Q

When something gains electrons in a reaction it is called the ? agent and it is?.

A

oxidising agent, it is reduced

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3
Q

What happens to oxidation state when something is oxidised?

A

oxidation number increases

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4
Q

What is oxidation in terms of oxygen?

A

When oxygen is gained to form an oxide

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5
Q

What is the charge on SO4?

A

2-

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6
Q

Group 2 elements always have an oxidation state of?

A

+2

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7
Q

What is the mnemonic for remembering ‘usually rules’?

A

Faries Hate Orange Clovers

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8
Q

What is disproportionation?

A

when the same element is oxidised and reduced

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9
Q

CN + HALOGENOALKANE reacts to make

A

nitrile

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10
Q

What are the conditions for the elimination of a haloalkene?

A

KOH ethanolic

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11
Q

Why are TMS peaks easy to detect?

A

TMS has one carbon environment but there are four carbons in the environment so it produces one high-intensity peak, making et easy to detect.

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12
Q

Where does the TMS peak appear in NMR and why?

A

Further to the right because the carbons have more electron density as they are close to a low electronegativity Si

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13
Q

Why is it easy to remove TMS from a sample?

A

TMS is very volatile / has a low boiling point

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14
Q

What makes TMS a good universal NMR standard?

A

Non-reactive, Volatile/low boiling point/ non-toxic, one carbon environment, doesn’t react with other peaks

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15
Q

Which type of NMR is simpler?

A

H NMR

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16
Q

What scale is used for recording chemical shift?

A

δ

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17
Q

What does chemical shift depend on?

A

The molecular environment

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18
Q

How are H NMR Sample obtained?

A

Using samples dissolved in deuterated solvents or CCl4

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19
Q

What is the n+1 rule?

A

Splitting is equal to the number or neighboring non equivalent hydrogens plus one. Excluding hydrogens bonded to hydrogen or oxygen.

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20
Q

Hydrogens bonded to O or N result in?

A

No splitting and the peaks do not split themselves

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21
Q

H NMR uses which standard?

A

TMS

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22
Q

Components travel faster through the column in chromatography when….

A

They have lower retention in the stationary phase and higher solubility in the moving phase

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23
Q

In gas and column chromatography? is measured.

A

Retention time

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24
Q

Compared to similar-sized molecules amino acids have a ? boiling point?

A

much higher

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25
Q

How do amino acids appear in neutral conditions?

A

Zwitterions

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26
Q

Are amino acids soluble in water?

A

yes

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27
Q

TLC plates are usually coated in?

A

silical gel

28
Q

What forms the secondary structure of a protein?

A

interactions between peptide links

29
Q

Which forces arise in the tertiary structure of a protein?

A

ionic interactions, hydrogen bonding, covalent (disulfide)

30
Q

What is the polymer of chloroethene?

A

poly(chloroethENE)

31
Q

How can a polymer be made more flexible?

A

use of plasticisers

32
Q

How can a polymer be made more flexible?

A

use of plasticisers

33
Q

What reactants for a condensation polymer?

A

diol and dicarboxylic acid

34
Q

How are polyamides made?

A

diamine and dicarboxylic acid

35
Q

What is teryline used for?

A

ship sails

36
Q

What polyester must be remembered?

A

terylene`

37
Q

Which polyamides must be remembered?

A

nylon 6,6 and kevlar (benzene)

38
Q

Which polymers are biodegradable? Which are not?

A

Condensation are addition are not

39
Q

Why are some polymers biodegradable

A

carbonyl group is polar so can reacct with nucleophiles such as water to break it down

40
Q

Describe the action of cisplatin

A

ligand substitution Cl for water then binds to N of guanine

41
Q

What is the overall reaction for an acyl chloride and benzene?

A

C6H6+RCOCl=C6H5COR+HCl

42
Q

What is the equation for the regeneration of the catalyst in friedel crafts?

A

AlCl- +H+ =AlCl3 + HCl

43
Q

State the role of AlCl3 in the acylation of benzene?

A

catalyst

44
Q

Name the reagents required for the nitration of benzene

A

CONC H2SO4 AND CONC HNO3

45
Q

Write the overall equation for the preparation of nitrobenzene from benzene

A

benzene + HNO3 reacts to make nitrobenzene and water

46
Q

Why do carboxylic acids have high melting points?

A

they are able to form dimers

47
Q

Which ion does butanoic acid form?

A

butanoate ion

48
Q

Carboxylic acids ionise to form?

A

carboxylate ions with the -oate ion suffix rather than -oic acid

49
Q

What are the conditions for the formation of an ester?

A

heat and strong acid e.g. H2SO4

50
Q

How is soap made?

A

Boiling an ester obtained from natural sources for several hours with concentrated NaOH

51
Q

How is biodieselmade?

A

Heating esters previously used in food preparation with methanol for many hours

52
Q

Acyl chlorides and acid anhydrides both

A

react with water

53
Q

EXCESS Ammonia + ethanoyl chloride reacts to make?

A

amide + ammonium chlorde

54
Q

A larger difference in theoretical and experimental lattice enthalpies means

A

more covalent character
more polarisation

55
Q

The perfect ionic model assumes that

A

all ions are spherical and all bonding is 100% ionic

56
Q

How does silicon dioxide react with hot concentrated sodium hydroxide?

A

SiO2+2NaOH=Na2SiO3+H20`

57
Q

Phosphorus 5 reacts with?

A

bases and water

58
Q

How does phospohorous oxide react with potassium hydroxide?

A

P4O10+12KOH=4K3PO4+6h20

59
Q

P4010 AND SO3 both react vigourously with so they do not react directly with bases

A

water

60
Q

When oxides of sulfur react with bases the by product is?

A

one molecule of water

61
Q

What is the standard state of sulfer trioxide and sulfur dioixide

A

so2 is gas
so3 is liquid

62
Q

Alkene + Water is what type of reaction?

A

reversible

63
Q

What are the conditions for the hydration of ethene?

A

300 degrees celcius, conc phosphoric acid catalyst 6000kPa

64
Q

What are the conditions for the fermentation

A

25-40 degrees celcius, anaerobic

65
Q

What does carbon neutral mean?

A

no overall carbon emission into the atmosphere

Chem inorganic (3 decks)

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