Organic Flashcards
(23 cards)
Explain how bromine can behave as an electrophile.
the electrons in the Br-Br bond are distorted by the electron density on the C=C bond which induces a temporary dipole on the Br-Br bond
Explain why alkenes tend to react with electrophiles.
the C=C bond has a high electron density to which electron seeking species are attracted
What is a nucleophile?
a species that is strongly attracted to a region of positive charge in something else, an electron pair donor
What is a free radical?
an uncharged molecule or atom with an unpaired valence electron
What is stereoisomerism?
Occurs when two double bonded carbon atoms each have two different atoms or groups attached to them. Includes E/Z isomerism. This is a consequence of a restricted rotation around the C=C double bond.
What is structural isomerism?
compounds which have the same molecular formula but a different structural formula
What is the empirical formula?
The smallest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound
What is a position isomer?
isomers where the carbon backbone of the isomers are the same but the functional groups are at different positions on the backbone
What is the molecular formula?
Total number of atoms of each element in the compound
What is the structural formula?
A formula which shows the arrangement of atoms in the molecule of a compound but does not show all the bonds between them
What is an electrophile?
Electron pair acceptor in an organic mechanism. Attracted to areas with a lot of electrons/high negative charge
What is a polar bond?
A covalent bond where the electrons are not distributed equally. This causes the molecule to have a slight dipole so that one end is slightly positively charged and the
other end is slightly negatively charged
What is a carbocation?
A carbon atom bearing a positive charge.
Free radical
atoms or molecules with an unpaired electron
What is the test for a primary or secondary alcohol?
add acidified potassium dichromate, colour change from orange to green
What is the test for a tertiary alcohol?
add acidified potassium dichromate, remains orange, no colour change
What is are the two tests for an aldehyde?
add Tollen’s reagent, silver mirror forms
add Fehling’s solution, heat, brick red precipitate
What is the test for an alkene?
bromine water turns colourless
What is the test for a carboxylic acid?
add sodium carbonate, bubble gas produced through limewater, solution turns cloudy
State the benefit to life on Earth of ozone in the upper atmosphere.
absorbs uv
State and explain how CFC-11 is able to contribute to global warming.
absorbs infrared radiation, molecule has polar bonds
Describe the bonding in benzene.
each carbon has 3 covalent bonds
spare electrons in p orbital overlap
electrons are delocalised
