Organic Flashcards

Question

What is the chemical formula for Acidified dichromate?

Answer 1

Cr2O7^2-/H+

Answer 2

Cr2O7^2- + 14H+ +6e- -> 2Cr3+ + 7H2O

Answer 3

Aldehyde and the carboxylic acid. *on arrow of reaction Cr2O7^2-/H+ with a delta H on bottom

Answer 4

A ketones * on arrow of reaction Cr2O7^2-/H+ with a delta H on bottom

Answer 5

It cannot be oxidised.

Answer 6

A carbonyl group (c=o)

Answer 7

The carbonyl group of an aldehyde is terminal. Whereas the carbonyl group for a ketone is not terminal.

Answer 8

Through the oxidation of secondary alcohols.

Answer 9

Through the oxidation of primary alcohols. However, when forming aldehydes through oxidation the products must be removed (distilled off) as soon as it is formed. This prevents further oxidation to a carboxylic acid. This can also be done by using less harsh oxidation conditions.

Answer 10

In acidic conditions a carboxylic acid is produced.

Answer 11

In basic conditions a carboxylate ion is formed (deprotonated carboxylic acid).

Answer 12

Acidified potassium dichromate and tollens reagent.

Answer 13

Aldehydes will react as they can form an additional carbon-oxygen bonds, forming a carboxylic acid.

Answer 14

No reaction.

Answer 15

They are naturally occurring sugars and their polymers. They are a simple sugar unit which contains either a ketone or aldehyde functional group, as well as multiple hydroxyl groups.

Answer 16

Polyhydroxyaldehydes or polyhydroxylketones.

Answer 17

Polyhydroxyaldehyde.

Answer 18

polyhydroxyketone

Answer 19

They have functional groups within the carbohydrates which poses the ability to polymerise.

Answer 20

They are single unit carbohydrates.

Answer 21

Two polymers conjoined.

Answer 22

They are polymers of repeating carbohydrate units.

Answer 23

Cyclic (ring) or linear (chain)

Answer 24

The ring form breaks to allow the cyclic structure to turn into the linear form whihc contains the functional group when depending on the group it would react with tollens to form silver mirror.

Answer 25

They consist of large amounts of hydrogen bonding between the hydroxyl groups. This includes glucose, galactose and fructose.

Answer 26

Via a condensation reaction (losing water) between two cyclic monosaccharides. It can be broken down into two monosaccharides by a hydrolysis reaction (consuming water).

Answer 27

They are formed by condensation reactions of many monosaccharides catalysed enzymatically. They can be broken down into mono, di- and tri- saccharides by hydrolysis with water and an enzyme. These include starch, cellulose, glycogen and amylose.

Answer 28

Very soluble

Answer 29

Square brackets with an n on the bottom right.

Answer 30

(C5H10O5)n + nH2O -> nC5H12O6

Answer 31

Least: polysaccharides (dispersion forces over take hydrogen bonding) Disaccharides Monosaccharides

Answer 32

The saccharides will be not soluble if a large carbon chain.

Answer 33

- They consist of many polar hydroxyl (-OH) groups that can undergo extensive hydrogen bonding with polar water molecules. - Small molecules - weaker secondary forces, therefore, easily separated in water.

Answer 34

- Many polar hydroxyl (-OH) groups that can undergo extensive hydrogen bonding with polar water molecules. - Small molecule - weaker secondary forces, therefore, easily separated in water.

Answer 35

- Many polar hydroxyl (-OH) groups that can undergo extensive hydrogen bonding with polar water molecules. - Larger molecules - stronger secondary forces, therefore, harder to separate polysaccharide molecules in water.

Answer 36

C with a double bonded O and an OH

Answer 37

-oate ions

Answer 38

C with a double bonded O and a O-

Answer 39

Weak acids as they partially ionise within water. The process is in equilibrium that favours the far left, thus only a small portion of carboxylic acid molecules ionise to form carboxylate ions.

Answer 40

Neutralisation by hydroxide: RCOOH + OH- ⇌ RCOO- + H2O Neutralisation by carbonate ions: RCOOH + CO3 2- ⇌ RCOO- + CO2 + H2O Neutralisation by hydrogen carbonate ions: RCOOH + HCO3 - ⇌ RCOO- + CO2 + H2O These reactions occur fast at room temperature and are exothermic Carbonate and hydrogen carbonate reactions produce carbon dioxide leading to effervescence (bubbling) occurring

Answer 41

Carboxylic acids can only form hydrogen bonds with adjacent water molecule. Hydrogen bonds are weaker intermolecular interactions than ion dipole interactions Charge of an ion is much stronger than the partial on a dipole. Large organic molecules with carboxylic acid functional groups are likely to be insoluble in water. If the carboxylic acid is neutralised to form carboxylate salt, it can be made soluble in water.

Answer 42

These are taken as carboxylate salts. There is as the carboxylate ion is soluble in water and therefore the drug can be transported in the blood (a water based solvent). This only occurs as the salt is water soluble.

Answer 43

N with two hydrogens attached.

Answer 44

The N is only attached to one carbon.

Answer 45

A N attached to three other Cs.

Answer 46

A N attached to two other Cs.

Answer 47

Nitrogen atoms in an amine contains a non-bonded electron pair which can accept a hydrogen ion acting as a base. The resulting protonated form of the amine is called an ammonium ion. It has a positive charge and can dissolve in water

Answer 48

- Amine salts are ionic compounds composed of an ammonium ion (protonated amine) and some anion - Due to the positively charged ammonium ion, they can undergo ion-dipole interactions with polar water molecules as the positively charged ammonium ion attracts the negative dipole of water molecules. - Amines (not protonated) can only form hydrogen bonds with adjacent water molecules which are weaker than ion-dipole bonds.

Answer 49

Pharmaceuticals with amine functional groups are taken as amine salts. Pronated amines are soluble in water and therefore the drug can be transported in the blood (water based) Benadryl, an antihistamine, containing an amine functional group has a high molar mass and few polar functional groups (not water soluble) Converting the amine to an amine salt makes it water soluble.

Answer 50

the alcohol has the -yl the carboxylic acid has the -oate

Answer 51

A C with a bonded O and a double bonded O.

Answer 52

Esters are formed from reactions between alcohols and carboxylic acids. This process can occur through esterification or condensation (water is generated as a product). The alkyl groups on either side of the ester group are from the carboxylic acid and alcohol. The alkyl group attached to the carboxyl (-C=O) end come from the carboxylic acid The alco group attached to the –C-O- end come from the alcohol.

Answer 53

The reactants and products are volatile (have low boiling points) and will vaporize with heating causing them to be lost from the reaction vessel Reflux apparatus is used to overcome this Allows reactants to be heated over a long period of time without minimal loss due to evaporation of reactants/products Vapors from the pear-shaped flask rise into the condenser which cools them back to a liquid and return it to the reaction mixture. In esterification reactions, trace amounts of concentrated acid are used as a catalyst.

Answer 54

It is used to overcome the volatility of the solution.

Answer 55

Holds the reaction mixture. Its shape helps distribute heat evenly, preventing hot spots.

Answer 56

It cools and condenses the vapours generated during the reaction. The vapours rise into the condenser, where they are cooled by water through the jacket surrounding the inner tube. The condensed liquid then flows back into the reaction flask, maintaining the volume of the reaction mixture.

Answer 57

It provides consistent heat to the reaction mixture. In a reflux, the goal is to maintain a controlled temperature to facilitate the reaction.

Answer 58

An observable ring of condensate that forms in the condenser, making the highest point the vapour reaches before condensing. It ensures that the system is working as expected.

Answer 59

It is connected to the condenser to allow the continuous flow of cool water around the vapour tube, facilitating the condensation of vapour.

Answer 60

- Ester hydrolysis is the reverse of condensation reactions. - An ester can be hydrolysed to produce a carboxylic acid and alcohol. - This process is called hydrolysis as water is used as a reactant (thus is consumed) - The products of ester hydrolysis are different depending on whether the reaction takes place in acidic or basic conditions. - This needs to be a catalysed process, it cannot happen naturally.

Answer 61

Whether the reaction takes place in acidic or basic conditions.

Answer 62

Carboxylic acid and alcohol

Answer 63

Carboxylate ion and an alcohol.

Answer 64

C with a double bonded O, this C is also attached to an NH, (-CONH-)

Answer 65

- Amide formation is like the formation of esters, however the alcohol is swapped with an amine. - A condensation reaction (water is produced) between a carboxylic acid and an amine leads to the formation of an amide. - Water is formed from the –OH group of the acid and a hydrogen atom from the amine

Answer 66

Amides can be hydrolysed to produced to carboxylic acids and an amine. This reaction is called a hydrolysis reaction, as water is one of the reactants.

Answer 67

carboxylic acid and a protonated amine.

Answer 68

A carboxylate ion and an amine.

Answer 69

They are fats and oils derived from plants and animals. They are triesters, (molecules containing three ester functional groups, which are formed from the reaction of propane-1,2,3-triol (glycerol) and three long, straight chain carboxylic acids (called fatty acids).

Answer 70

Esterification is only forming of ester bonds but transesterification is forming and cleaving of bonds.

Answer 71

Fatty acids contain an even number of carbon atoms (usually between 12 and 20) and are unbranched (no side chains) Fatty acids can be saturated (no double bonds), monounsaturated (one double bond) or polyunsaturated (multiple double bonds).

Answer 72

Due to the large lengths of carbon chains on the fatty acids triglycerides are insoluble in water and soluble in non-polar/organic solvents (dispersion forces are much stronger).

Answer 73

When the source is different.

Answer 74

At 25 degrees it is a solid. Derived from animals. Its carbon chain is a greater % of saturation.

Answer 75

At 25 degrees it is a liquid. Derived from plants or fish. Its carbon chain is a greater % of unsaturation.

Answer 76

They contain only single bonds, therefore have straight carbon chains. They are packed together closely, increasing dispersion forces. It has a higher melting point and therefore solids at room temp.

Answer 77

Contain at least one double or triple bonds and have kinks in the carbon chain. Packed together less closely, decreasing dispersion forces. Lower melting points and therefore liquids at room temp.

Answer 78

Carbon chains with the alkene functional group.

Answer 79

There is a loss of colour. If a loss of colour is not observed then the molecule is already saturated.

Answer 80

By determining the mass of bromine that reacts with a triglyceride. OR Measure using the iodine number. Represent the mass of iodine (12) that reacts with 100g of a triglyceride. The higher the number the higher degree of unsaturation.

Answer 81

- Hydrogenation is a process used to convert liquids and oils into solid fats by reducing the degree of unsaturation. This is the process used to turn oil to margarine - Decreasing the number of double bonds, increases the dispersion forces (less kinks in the chain) - The process of hydrogenation is simply an alkene addition reaction with hydrogen being added to the alkene. Breaks an alkene and inserts hydrogen.

Answer 82

Hydrogenation is an addition reaction in which hydrogen gas is added across a carbon-carbon double bond. Really slow at room temperature. Carried out at high temp, pressure and in the presence of a Nickle based catalyst. The final product may still have some degree of unsaturation but will be a solid at room temp. Reducing kinks in chain increases dispersion forces consequently decreasing melting point and boiling points.

Answer 83

As triglycerides contain ester function groups, they can undergo hydrolysis reactions to give the alcohol (glycerol) and either the fatty acids or the carboxylate forms of the fatty acids. - The products of this are acid solutions, glycerol (propen-1, 2, 3 -triol) and three carboxylic acids are formed.

Answer 84

As triglycerides contain ester function groups, they can undergo hydrolysis reactions to give the alcohol (glycerol) and either the fatty acids or the carboxylate forms of the fatty acids. - The products of this are alkaline (basic) solutions, glycerol (propen-1, 2, 3 -triol) and three carboxylate ions (salts) are formed.

Answer 85

The hydrolysis of triglyceride is carried within humans utilizing the enzyme Triacylglycerol lipase. Enzymatically catalyses the sequential hydrolysis of triglycerides. In the lab, high temps and either concentrated acid or basic solutions to perform a hydrolysis reaction.

Answer 86

There is a carboxylate ion carbon chain tail which is non polar and hydrophobic. And there is a carboxylate ion head which is anionic (negatively charged) and hydrophilic

Answer 87

The long non-polar hydrocarbon chain is hydrophobic (water hating) and the anionic end/head group is hydrophilic (water-loving) These carboxylate ions arrange themselves to form micelles containing a non-polar core and a polar surface. Non-polar (hydrophobic) core results from the tails pointing inwards to get away from aqueous solution. Negative (hydrophillic) head results from the charged end of the carboxylate ions wanting to form ion-dipole interactions with the aqueous solution.

Answer 88

Soap is a common surfactant used to form micelles around oil particles. - Hydrophobic tails penetrate oil droplets on the surface of dirty dishes whilst the hydrophilic head exists in the aqueous solution. - Micelle then forms around the oil droplets. - The negatively charged surface of the micelle repels any adjacent micelles (negative –negative charge repulsion). - Breaking up grease/oil particles into water soluble micelles - The micelles are washed away in the water leaving dish surface clean.

Answer 89

- Polymers with a hydrophilic end and a hydrophobic end can be used to create micelles. - Polymers micelles are excellent mediums to transport non-polar drugs around the body. - Blood being an aqueous medium would not readily transport non-polar compounds around the body. - Positioning a non-polar drug in the centre of a hydrophobic micelles leads to the negatively charged hydrophilic heads be able to interact with the aqueous blood. - Consequently, allowing for the transport of non-polar drugs using micelle capsule within blood

Answer 90

Amino acids are the monomers (building blocks) of proteins and enzymes. Each amino aid contains a central carbon atom (called the alpha or a) with an amine functional group, a carboxyl functional group, a hydrogen atom and an R group side chain.

Answer 91

Amino acids can be linked together to form peptide chains which, depending on the size, can go on to form specific chemical machines known as enzymes. Enzymes are what nature has chosen to catalyse many biological processes.

Answer 92

Amino acids have both an acidic functional group (-COOH-) and a basic functional group (-NH2). The carboxylic acid can donate protons. The amine can accept protons. This leads to interesting ionisation consequences that is dependent on pH. Amino acids are in a constant flux between its ionic zwitterion form and its neutral form.

Answer 93

Amino acid groups are linked by peptide bonds between carboxylic acids and amines. A condensation reaction to form an amide functional group links the two amino acids forming a dipeptide (a peptide consisting of two amino acids). The amide functional group which joins amino acids is commonly referred to as a peptide link or a peptide bond. The other product, water, is generated from the reactions between carboxylic acid and amine functional groups.

Answer 94

Proteins are very large molecules containing different amino acids joined together by peptide bonds. Proteins usually contains a variety of 20 amino acids found in nature. Proteins are also called polypeptides or polyamides. The formation of amides in the laboratory is difficult and requires reflux (i.e. high temperature). In natures these linkages are formed by enzyme catalysts built from proteins.

Answer 95

The peptide link/amide functional group in proteins and any side chains (the R group) containing: -NH C=O -COOH -OH These can undergo hydrogen bonding to other functional groups on the same protein, different proteins or water. This dictates how the peptide bends to form its protein structure.

Answer 96

Primary structure Secondary structure Tertiary structure Quaternary structure

Answer 97

The four levels of protein structure are dictated by the intermolecular interactions (hydrogen bonding) that can be formed between amino acid residues with a poly peptide chain.

Answer 98

The linear sequence of amino acids linked together by a single polypeptide chain (no folds or intermolecular interactions).

Answer 99

The structure of localized regions of the polypeptide chain. The most common structures are α–helices and β–pleated sheets

Answer 100

A spiral shape held together by hydrogen bonding between the –NH group of a peptide bond and a –C=O group of a peptide bond four amino acids along in the chain.

Answer 101

Two adjacent regions of the polypeptide chain form a pleated structure held together by hydrogen-bonding between the –NH groups and –C=O groups in the peptide bonds. These are easier to form.

Answer 102

The 3D structure of a single polypeptide chain. This is determined by: Covalent bonds (disulfide bridges) Ionic bonds Secondary interactions (hydrogen bonding and dispersion forces Between the amino acid side chains (R group) within the same polypeptide chain.

Answer 103

The three-dimensional structure of several polypeptide chains packed together. Often a protein is composed of more than one polypeptide chain. For example, DTBS in tuberculosis exists as a dimer (two of the same polypeptide chains).

Answer 104

A protein’s structure ultimately determine its function, 3D shape of a protein determine how it interacts with a molecule. As changes in temperature or pH can directly affect how a peptide chain may undergo secondary interactions (i.e. disrupting them), the structure (secondary, tertiary and quaternary) is altered. This in turn affects the protein ability to function or the protein is denatured.

Answer 105

There is often hydroxyl groups and aiming functional groups within a protein chain. In a low pH environment this aim group will become proton so then have a positive chart. This positive chart would repel other positively sections and attract any sections which are negatively charged hence changing the shape and function of the enzyme, in a high environment the hydroxyl group would be prate a hydrogen hence attracting any positively charged sections and repelling. Any negatively charged sections. This would also change the shape and hence function. Therefore increasing or decreasing pH would alter the shape of the enzyme and then the function so denaturing the protein.

Answer 106

Increasing temp disrupts the secondary interaction in a protein. Increasing temp causes increase in kinetic energy (movement) of the atoms, causing the destabilization of secondary interactions.

Answer 107

Polymers are large molecules made up of many monomers joined together. Polymers are named by adding the prefix“poly-” to the name of the monomer.

Answer 108

Addition reactions Condensation reactions

Answer 109

Polymers formed through addition polymerisation (the linking of monomers together) are referred to as addition polymers. The features of an addition polymerization are: Monomers containing a carbon –carbon double bond (-C=C-) Double bonds broken during polymerization to form a single bonded backbone (-C-C-) An initiator, heat and pressure are required.

Answer 110

- Polymers formed through condensation polymerisation (the linking of monomers together) are referred to as condensation polymers. - The features of an addition polymerisation are: - Monomers contain two different functional groups that can undergo a condensation reaction (-OH and –COOH or –NH2 and –COOH) - Water is lost during polymerisation reaction - Include polyesters and polyamides.

Answer 111

Addition polymers: Monomer: (-C=C-) Polymer: (-C-C-C-C-C-) Condensation Polymers Monomer: contain (-OH) and (-COOH) or (-NH2) and (-COOH). Polymer: contain either ester or amide functional groups between repeating units.

Answer 112

Polyesters contain ester functional groups that link monomers to form a polymer which can be formed using either two different monomers or two of the same monomers.

Answer 113

a diol (two –OH) and a dicarboxylic acid (two –COOH groups)

Answer 114

A hydroxycarboxylic acid (one –OH group and one COOH group)

Answer 115

Polyesters contain an amide functional group that link monomers to form a polymer which can be formed using either two different monomers or two of the same monomers.

Answer 116

a diamine (two –NH2 groups) and a dicarboxylic acid (two –COOH groups)

Answer 117

An amino carboxylic acid (one ––NH2 group and one COOH group)

Answer 118

Natural or synthetic

Answer 119

Natural polymers are made by plants or animals (hair, silk DNA and starch).

Answer 120

Synthetic polymers have a wide variety of uses as they can be customised to have specific properties (plastics, fibres, paints, lubricants, adhesives and foams).

Answer 121

As synthetic polymer properties can be tailored, they have become used in the place of more traditional materials (i.e. metals and glass) and in place of natural polymers (i.e. cotton and wool). Chain lengths Branching side chains Cross-linking Polarity of side chains Additive such as dyes and UV adsorbers

Answer 122

Using pyrolysis

Answer 123

hydrolysis

Answer 124

- They can be susceptible to UV degradation. - Polymers are heat sensitive (especially thermoplastics). - Polymers are non-biodegradable.

Answer 125

- Polymers replacing glass are cheaper and less dense. - Polymers replacing metal car parts are cheaper, less dense and do not corrode. - Polymers replacing wool and cotton for textiles and carpets are cheaper and more durable.

Answer 126

Bonding between polymer chains is determined by the polarity of branching group (side chains) and the main chain links.

Answer 127

- Dispersion forces are present between polymer chains with non-polar side groups and non-polar main chain links (i.e. addition polymers). - As the length of the polymer chain increases, strength of dispersion forces increases (larger MW = stronger dispersion forces). - Polymers that only have dispersion forces between chains are soft, flexible and non-elastic (can be stretched out of shape). - Have low melting and softening points and can be reshaped with heat. These are thermoplastics.

Answer 128

Hydrogen bonding is present between polymer chains containing: N-H O-H C=O in the side groups or main chain links (i.e. condensation polymers). Hydrogen bonds are strong than dispersion forces, therefore, the resulting polymers are stronger, more rigid and more elastic than polymers with dispersion forces between chains.

Answer 129

Covalent bonds between polymer chains are called cross-links. As the number of cross-links increases, the rigidity, elasticity and hardness of the polymer increases. Cross links can be formed during polymerization or after polymerization with a cross linking agent.

Answer 130

- Covalent bonds between polymer chains are called cross-links - As the number of cross-links increases, the rigidity, elasticity and hardness of the polymer increases - Cross links can be formed during polymerization or after polymerization with a cross linking agent.

Answer 131

Depending on the interactions between polymer chains, a thermoset or thermoplastic polymer is generated.

Answer 132

- Contain a high degree of cross-linking. - Will char or burin if heated sufficiently as covalent bonds break and the polymer decomposes . - Cannot be recycled.

Answer 133

- Most synthetic polymers are produced from petrochemicals (chemicals produced using a petroleum feedstock). - Responsible for around 6-8% of the total global petrol production is used to produced synthetic polymers.

Answer 134

- Fossil fuels are relatively abundant feedstock. - Petroleum is relatively easily extracted and processed. - They are existing industries, infrastructure and processing techniques for producing polymers from petroleum. - There are a wide variety of polymers (with a wide variety of uses) produced from petroleum.

Answer 135

- Petroleum is a non-renewable resource/feedstock. - The reserves of petroleum are being used at a much faster rate than they are being naturally replenished.

Answer 136

Polymers derived from plants (biomass) a renewable feedstock. Examples currently being used include starch and cellulose (polysaccharides) and proteins and oils (triglycerides).

Answer 137

- Plants/crops are a renewable feedstock. - Plants/crops are a relatively abundant feedstock. - Plants/crops are easily extracted and processed. - By-products or waste products from farming crops can be used as the source of biomass.

Answer 138

- This is a new area of research and there are a limited number of polymers derived from plants/crops that are currently being produced. - The production of synthetic biopolymers from plant/crops may complete directly with land for food production.

Answer 139

- Due to the presence of strong covalent carbon-carbon bonds (mainly addition polymers), many synthetic polymers are not biodegradable. - Biodegradable polymers can be broken down naturally in the environment. These include all natural polymers (cotton, cellulose, nucleic acids, proteins) and some synthetic polymers (mainly condensation polymers Polymers containing ester (-COO-) or amide (-CONH-) functional groups can be hydrolysed causing the polymer to break down into smaller molecules. - These smaller molecules are oligomers (multiple monomer units), dimers (two monomer units ) or monomers. - Hydrolysis is catalysed by enzymes secreted from microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi.

Answer 140

- Installing light sensitive molecules or carbonyl groups (C=O) into polymers make polymers photodegradable. - Large number of carbonyl groups and light sensitive molecules will break down when exposed to UV light. - Can be installed during synthesis process to ensure biodegradable properties.

Answer 141

- reduces the amount of waste in landfill. - when decomposed, can be used as fertiliser for growing crops.

Answer 142

- There are currently a limited number of synthetic polymers that are biodegradable. - Oxygen and water are required for decomposition this will not happen if buried deep in landfill. - Greenhouse gases are released during decomposition.

Answer 143

Acidified dichromate H+/Cr2O72-

Answer 144

Carboxylates with long hydrocarbon tails are surfactants. They have a non-polar hydrophobic tail and a polar hydrophilic head (carboxylate ion). These form micelles in aqueous environments (the hydrophilic head faces out and the hydrophobic tail in and they form a circle).

Answer 145

The hydrophobic non-polar tails of the surfactants are soluble in non-polar substances such as oils. This is then agitated to encapsulated within the centre of the micelle. The hydrophilic head is soluble in water and the negative charge repulses from other micelles suspending the non-polar substance within the water.

Answer 146

Alkene functional groups

Answer 147

Vapours from the pear-shaped flask rise into the condenser which cools them back to a liquid and return it to the reaction mixture.

Answer 148

Secondary interactions in the protein are affected. 3D arrangement of protein is changed. Shape impacts the enymze properties. Shape impacts the active site of enzymes, changing its function and hence causing denaturation.

Answer 149

To boil a mixture of reacting liquids for an extended period of time using a vertically placed condenser to return the more volatile components to the reaction vessel.

Answer 150

The reaction is slow, so prolonged heating is necessary to attain equilibrium more quickly. Reflux prevents loss of volatile reactants and products.

Answer 151

To promote smooth boiling and prevent superheating.

Answer 152

Increasing the temperature increases the kinetic energy of the atoms within the enzyme. This energy is sufficient enough overcome inmolecular bonds (hydrogen bonds) within the enzyme, destabilising and denaturing it. Therefore, the secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure of the enzyme is affected disrupting the enzymes biological function.

Organic Flashcards

(191 cards)