Organic

Question 1

What is crude oil?

Answer 1

A mixture of hydrocarbons

Question 2

What is crude oil formed from?

Answer 2

The remains of ancient biomass (mostly plankton) that was buried in mud

Question 3

What is a finite resource?

Answer 3

One that will run out

Question 4

Why is crude oil a finite resource?

Answer 4

Because it takes longer to form than the rate at which we are using it up

Question 5

What is a hydrocarbon?

Answer 5

A compound made of atoms of carbon and hydrogen only

Question 6

What is a general formula?

Answer 6

A mathematical formula which allows you to work out the chemical formula of a substance

Question 7

What is an alkane?

Answer 7

A hydrocarbon with only single bonds

Question 8

Name the first four alkanes

Answer 8

Methane, ethane, propane, butane

Question 9

What is the general formula for alkanes?

Answer 9

CnH2n+2 (the n and 2n are small)

Question 10

How does boiling point change with the length of an alkane?

Answer 10

The longer the alkane, the higher its boiling point

Question 11

How does viscosity change with the length of an alkane?

Answer 11

The longer the alkane, the more viscous (the thicker) it is

Question 12

How does flammability change with the length of an alkane?

Answer 12

The longer the alkane, the less flammable it is

Question 13

What is fractional distillation?

Answer 13

A process used to separate mixtures of substances with different boiling points

Question 14

What are the steps involved in fractional distillation?

Answer 14

Crude oil is vaporised, different molecules rise up the fractionating column and cool down. Condense at different points on the column.

Question 15

Why is fractional distillation important?

Answer 15

Because the different fractions have different uses

Question 16

What is a fuel?

Answer 16

A substance which when reacted with oxygen releases energy

Question 17

Name five fuels we obtain from crude oil

Answer 17

Petrol, diesel, kerosene, heavy fuel oil and liquefied petroleum gases

Question 18

What other uses are there for products of fractional distillation?

Answer 18

Solvents, lubricants, polymers and detergents

Question 19

What is combustion?

Answer 19

The reaction of a fuel with oxygen

Question 20

What are the products of complete combustion?

Answer 20

Carbon dioxide and water

Question 21

When does incomplete combustion occur?

Answer 21

When there is not enough oxygen present

Question 22

What is cracking?

Answer 22

The process of breaking down a long hydrocarbon into smaller hydrocarbons

Question 23

What are the products of cracking?

Answer 23

Short alkanes and alkenes

Question 24

Why is cracking important?

Answer 24

Because smaller hydrocarbons are more useful than longer ones

Question 25

What are the two types of cracking?

Answer 25

Catalytic and steam cracking

Question 26

What are alkenes

Answer 26

A different type of hydrocarbon which is more reactive than an alkane

Question 27

What are alkenes used for?

Answer 27

As a starting material to make more useful chemicals

Question 28

How do you test for an alkene?

Answer 28

React it with bromine water

Question 29

What is the colour change when an alkene reacts with bromine water?

Answer 29

Turns from orange to colourless

Question 30

What is an alkene?

Answer 30

A hydrocarbon with a double bond

Question 31

What is the general formula for alkenes?

Answer 31

CnH2n

Question 32

What does unsaturated means?

Answer 32

Contains double bonds (which could become C-H bonds)

Question 33

What are the first four alkenes?

Answer 33

Ethene, propene, butene, pentene

Question 34

What are the four reactions of alkenes?

Answer 34

Combustion, with water, with hydrogen and with halogens

Question 35

How is the combustion of alkenes different to combustion of alkanes?

Answer 35

Alkenes usually react by incomplete combustion so burn with smoky flames

Question 36

Why are the reactions of alkenes with hydrogen, water and halogens known as "addition" reactions?

Answer 36

Because new atoms are being added to the molecule by breaking the double bond

Question 37

What is the product from the reaction of an alkene with hydrogen?

Answer 37

An alkane

Question 38

What conditions are necessary in the reaction of alkenes with hydrogen?

Answer 38

60°C, Nickel catalyst

Question 39

What is the product from the reaction of an alkene with a halogen?

Answer 39

An alkane with two halogen atoms where the double bond used to be

Question 40

What is the product from the reaction of an alkene with steam?

Answer 40

An alcohol

Question 41

What conditions are necessary for the reaction of alkenes with steam?

Answer 41

High temperature, high pressure, catalyst

Question 42

What functional group do all alcohols have?

Answer 42

OH

Question 43

Name and draw the first four alcohols

Answer 43

Methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol (ethanol pictured)

Question 44

What happens when an alcohol reacts with sodium?

Answer 44

It forms a sodium salt (e.g. sodium ethoxide from ethanol) and releases hydrogen gas.

Question 45

What are the products of a combustion reaction involving an alcohol and oxygen?

Answer 45

Carbon dioxide and water

Question 46

Write a symbol equation for the reaction of methanol/ethanol/propanol/butanol with oxygen

Answer 46

E.g CH₃CH₂OH + 5O₂ → 2CO₂ + 3H₂O

Question 47

Do alcohols dissolve in water?

Answer 47

Yes, they form neutral solutions

Question 48

How do alcohols react with oxidizing agents?

Answer 48

They turn into carboxylic acids

Question 49

What are the main uses of alcohols?

Answer 49

Solvents, ethanol used as drinking alcohol and a biofuel

Question 50

What is fermentation?

Answer 50

The process of turning glucose (a natural sugar) into ethanol

Question 51

What is required for natural fermentation?

Answer 51

Yeast

Question 52

What functional groups do all carboxylic acids have?

Answer 52

COOH

Question 53

Name and draw the first four carboxylic acids

Answer 53

Methanoic acid, ethanoic acid, propanoic acid, butanoic acid (image is ethanoic acid)

Question 54

Why are carboxylic acids weak acids?

Answer 54

Not all their molecules ionise when in water

Question 55

What is the product of a reaction between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid?

Answer 55

An ester

Question 56

What is polymerisation?

Answer 56

The process of using small molecules (monomers) to make long chain molecules (polymers)

Question 57

What are the two types of polymerisation?

Answer 57

Addition and condensation

Question 58

What monomers are involved in addition polymerisation?

Answer 58

Alkenes

Question 59

How do we draw polymers?

Answer 59

In round brackets with an n [poly(ethene) is shown]

Question 60

What type of monomers are involved in condensation polymerisation?

Answer 60

Ones with two functional groups (like a diol)

Question 61

What are the products of condensation polymerization?

Answer 61

A polymer and a small molecule (usually water)

Question 62

What is an amino acid?

Answer 62

A biological molecule with two functional groups

Question 63

Which functional groups do amino acids have?

Answer 63

NH₂ and -COOH

Question 64

What do amino acids form during a condensation reaction?

Answer 64

Polypeptides

Question 65

What is formed from different amino acids combined in one chain?

Answer 65

Proteins

Question 66

What does DNA stand for?

Answer 66

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Question 67

What is DNA?

Answer 67

A large molecule containing genetic information

Question 68

What is the structure of DNA?

Answer 68

Two polymer chains made from nucleotides in the form of a double helix

Question 69

Name four naturally occurring polymers

Answer 69

DNA, proteins, starch, cellulose

Question 70

What monomers are starch and cellulose made of?

Answer 70

Glucose