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Organic Flashcards

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1
Q

define an aliphatic compound

A

An organic compound that consists of open ended chains of carbon atoms and closed rings that resemble them in chemical properties

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2
Q

what is an aromatic compund

A

compound that contaisn a benzene ring structure in their molecules

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3
Q

do aliphatic compounds contain a benzene ring

A

no

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4
Q

what is the moleuclar formula for benzene

A

C6H6

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5
Q

Is benzene liquid at room temp

A

yes

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6
Q

is benzene safe

A

no its carcinogenic

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7
Q

is benzene soluble in water

A

no as it is a non polar molecule

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8
Q

is benzene planar

A

yes

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9
Q

is benzene trigonal pyrimadal

A

no

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10
Q

how many electrosn does each carbon have in its outer shell in benzene

A

4

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11
Q

what kind of bomds do the elctrons in the carbons in benzene form

A

3 form sigma bonds
1 forms a pie bond
so 6 in total are pi onds so there are 6 delocalised electrons in each benznee

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12
Q

is benzene reactive

A

no

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13
Q

why is benzene unreactive

A

the 6 delcalised electrons are spread out over all 6 carbon atoms providing extra stability

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14
Q

is benzene saturated or unsaturated

A

unsaturated

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15
Q

how would you know that benzene is unsaturated

A

doesn’t cause bromine water to change colour

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16
Q

what is the bond length like in a benzene ring

A

all bond lengths are equal as the 6 delocalised electrons are shared equally
The bond length is somewhere ebtween a single and a double bond

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17
Q

what would you say the average number of electrons on each carbon molecule is in a benzene ring

A

1.5

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18
Q

what would you say the average number of electrons on each carbon molecule is in cyclo hexane

A

2

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19
Q

how does fractional disilation sperate fractions of crude oil

A

according to their bp

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20
Q

what happens at bottom of fractionating column

A

furnace heats crude oil and most is vapourised

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21
Q

describe the temp graident in the fractional disilation column

A

hotter at bottom cooler at the top

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22
Q

where do the substances with high boiling point condense

A

bottom

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23
Q

what allows vapour to rise through column

A

bubble caps

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24
Q

what do fractions condense into and what are they taken out by

A

trays and then taken out by outlets

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25
what isomer is last likely to reist knocking
on iwth the lowest ON number
26
what are the ways to increase ON
Isomerisation- adding branches to straight chained alkanes Catalytic cracking- using heat and a catalyst to break up larger hydrocarbons into shorter ones Dehydrocyclization- uses a catalyst to form ring compounds and H2 produced Adding oxygenates- adding oxygen conatining compound
27
what has a higher ON a shorter or longer chained hydrocarbon
Shorter
28
does more branches increase or decrese ON
Increase
29
do cyclic or non cyclic chain compounds have a higher ON
Cyclic
30
what are the uses of hydrogen
Fuel- ammonia production manufacturing margarine
31
why would you add oxygenates to a fuel
- Increase ON - Burns more cleanly
32
write a balanced equation for prodcution of ammonia
N2 + 3H2 ---> 2NH3
33
what are the advanatges of using hydrogen as a fuel
high kilogram calorific value Burns cleanly High ON
34
how CAN YOU PRODUCE HYDROGEN FOR INDUSTRY
Stream reforming of natural gas- methane reacted with steam over catalyst Electrolysis of water- pass electricity through water ussing platinum rods to split water
35
why is hydrogen not used as a fuel source/ why is it not found naturally on earth as a fuel source
Highly explosive
36
what is a functional group
an atom or group of atoms which are responsible for the characteristic properties of an organic compound or series of organic compounds
37
what is a use of an alcohol
ethanol- alcoholic beverages
38
how is alcohol produced
the fermentation of yeast
39
what is the alcohol group
-OH
40
What is a tertiary alcohol
carbon attached to the -OH is attached to three other carbon atoms
41
what do primary alcohols oxidies into if acidified Kmno4 is not in excess
Aldehydes
42
what do primary alcohols oxidies into if acidified Kmno4 is in excess
aldehydes and then carboxylic acids
43
what do secondary alcohols oxidie into using acidicifed Kmno4
ketones
44
what are secondary alcohols only oxidies to a ketone and not further
KMno4 is only a weak oxiding agent so is not strong enough to ixidise the ketone further
45
where do aldehydes group always go on a molecule
at the end of the moleucle
46
what is a use of aldehydes
Benzaldehyde- is used as an aromatic aldehyde as it is an almond flavouring
47
where is a carboxylic acid group found in a moleucle
at the end of the molecle
48
what is the use of a carboxylic acid
vinegar methanoic acid is found in bee and nettle stings benzoic acid is found in food preservatives
49
where is an ester found in a molecule
in the middle
50
what si the use of an ester
fruit flavourings, polyester
51
what is a condenstaion reaction
chemical reaction in which 2 molecules combine to form a larger molecule and water is lost
52
write the esterfication reaction of an ester
alcohol + carboxylic acid ---> ester + water
53
what do esters names end in
yl - oate
54
where is the ketone functional group in a molecule
middle
55
define organic synthesis
proces of making an organic compound from simpler startign materials
56
define substitution reaction
is a chemical reaction in which an atom or group of atoms in a molecule is replaced by another atom or group of atoms
57
for the halogenation of alkanes what is the mechanism for subsisition
free radical subsitiution
58
what is a free radical
an atm or group of atoms that contains an unpaired electron
59
what is a chain recation
is a reaction that continues on nd on becuase the products from one step are a reactant in another step
60
what is some evidnece for free radiacal substitution
the reaction needs UV light in order to begin if an inbibitor eg oxygen is added the ate of reaction slows adding a source of free radicals speeds up the rate of reaction
61
what is removed from an alcohol and a carboxylic in order for an ester to form
one H from the alcohol An OH from the carboxylic acid
62
define addition reaction
reaction where 2 molecules or more react together to form a single product
63
what are the stages in a n addition reaction
polarisation heterolytic fission carbonium ion formation ionic attack
64
what is the evidnece for the mechanism for addition
when ethene reacts with Br2 in water and sodium chloride dissolved in water. 3 possible products can be formed 1, 2 di bromoethane 1 bromo 2 chloro ethane 2 bromo ethanol
65
how would you know tat this is aan additin reaction
an unsaturated hydrocarbon is named
66
how would you know to use a free radical subsitiition mechnaism
the hydrocarbon only has one carbon in its chain eg methanol the hydrocarbon is saturated
67
define monomer
they are the building blocks of the polymer. They are the starting materials to form the polymer and in an addition reaction must have a double bond
68
define polymer
it is a long chain molecule made by joining together many small repeating units called monomers
69
define repeating unit
part of the polymer that repeats and completes the polymer chain
70
describe the synthesis of pvc from ethene
chlorination of ethene using Cl2 to form 1, 2 dichloro ethane thermal cracking of the intermedicate formed HcL is eliminated and chloroethene formed then remove double bonds and add two end ponds (open) remove brackets
71
what is another word for poly vinvyl chloride
poly chloroethane vinl chloride - chloroethene
72
define elimination rection
it is a reaction in which a small molecule is rmeoved from a larger moleucle and a double bond is formed in the larger molecule
73
name a good reducign agent
H2 gas and a nickel catalyst
74
what are 2 oxidising agents
acidified potassium permanganate acidified sodium dichromate
75
what are the 2 acidic functional groups
alcohols and carboxylic acids
76
when do acids act as an acid?
in the presence of a very reactive metal eg group 1
77
what is a stronger acidic grooup alcohols or carboxylic acids
carboxylic acids
78
give 2 reasons why carboxylic acids act as an acid
1- Inductive effects 2- Stability of the carboxylate group
79
what is the inductive effects in a carboxylic acid
it is when the carbonyl group pulls electron density from the H in the group and this makes it easier to ionise the OH group to form -COO- and H+ ions
80
desribe what is meant by the stability of the carboxylate ion
if the carboxylate groups loses its H+ it froms a negative charge ion called a carboxylate ion The negative charge is spread across the 3 atoms. It is called a resonance hydrid and gives it extra stability
81
what is the geometry for an alkane around the c atom
tetrahedral
82
what is the geometry for an alkene around the c atom
planar
83
what is the geometry for an alkyne around the c atom
linear

Chemistry (14 decks)

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