Organic

Question 0

What is a structural formula?

Answer 0

Shows to atoms, carbon by carbon, with the attached hydrogens and functional groups

Question 1

What is a molecular formula?

Answer 1

The actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule

Question 2

What is a displayed formula?

Answer 2

Shows all atoms and their arrangements including bonds

Question 3

What is the empirical formula?

Answer 3

The simplest ratio of different atoms of elements in a molecule

Question 4

What is a homologous series?

Answer 4

Organic compounds with he same general formula and similar chemical properties.

Question 5

What characteristics do homologous series have?

Answer 5

Same functional group
Similar chemical properties
Organic
Same general formula

Question 6

What are structural isomers?

Answer 6

Compounds with the same molecular formula, different arrangement of atoms

Question 7

What are chain isomers?

Answer 7

Same molecular formula, different arrangements of the carbon skeleton (display formula). Can be branched or un ranches

Question 8

What are positional isomers?

Answer 8

Compounds with the Same molecular formula, different position of the functional group

Question 9

What are functional group isomers?

Answer 9

Same molecular formula, different functional group

Question 10

What are hydrocarbons?

Answer 10

Molecules consisting of the elements hydrogen and carbon only.

Question 11

What are alkanes?

Answer 11

Organic compounds with no double bonds between carbon atoms

Question 12

What is the alkane called with seven carbon atoms?

Answer 12

Heptane

Question 13

What is the alkane called with 4 carbon atoms?

Answer 13

Butane

Question 14

What is the IUPAC system?

Answer 14

A set of rules for naming organic compounds correctly

Question 15

What is nomenclature?

Answer 15

How you name organic compounds

Question 16

What are cycloalkanes?

Answer 16

Alkanes in a ring, where there are two hydrogen atoms attached to each carbon.

Question 17

What are branched alkanes?

Answer 17

Not straight chained alkanes, they have side chains but still no double bonds between carbon atoms

Question 18

What is the prefix where there are 3 carbons on a side chain in an alkane?

Answer 18

Propyl

Question 19

What are haloalkanes?

Answer 19

Alkanes where one or more hydrogens have been replaced with a halogen

Question 20

What are alkenes?

Answer 20

Organic compounds with at least one double bond between carbon atoms

Question 21

Which organic compound is unsaturated?

Answer 21

Alkenes (double bonds)

Question 22

What is fractional distillation?

Answer 22

A process of separating a mixture (crude Oil) by boiling points

Question 23

Describe the method involved with the fractional distillation of crude oil

Answer 23

• crude oil vaporised at 350oC
• vaporised crude oil goes from the bottom of the column to the top
• large hydrocarbons don’t vaporise at all, they stay solid at the bottom
• temperature cools going up the column, creating a temperature gradient
• because of different boiling points of alkanes, they condense off at different temperatures. The fractions are drawn off at different levels

Question 24

Why do we crack large hydrocarbons?

Answer 24

Smaller chained hydrocarbons are more useful and are in higher demand and are therefore more profitable

Question 25

What are the two types of cracking?

Answer 25

Thermal cracking | Catalytic cracking

Question 26

How is thermal cracking done?

Answer 26

Takes place at a high temperature (up to 1000oC) and high pressure (up to 70atm).

Question 27

How is catalytic cracking done?

Answer 27

Uses a zeolite catalyst, at a slight pressure and high temperature (450oC).

Question 28

What cracking produces more alkenes and why?

Answer 28

Thermal cracking (smashing)

Question 29

What is petroleum?

Answer 29

A mixture that consists of mainly alkane hydrocarbons (crude oil)

Question 30

Why are catalysts used in industry?

Answer 30

Speeds up the rate of reaction, producing product in a quicker time = faster and profit Reaction can be done at a lower temperature and pressure, meaning less costs to produce these conditions = more profitable

Question 31

What is complete combustion?

Answer 31

Burning or oxidising Compounds (alkanes) in plenty of oxygen, producing carbon dioxide and water

Question 32

What is incomplete combustion?

Answer 32

Burning compounds (alkanes) in not enough oxygen, producing particulate (carbon), carbon monoxide as well as carbon dioxide

Question 33

What are pollutants from burning fuels? (In cars) and where do they come from?

Answer 33

Nitrogen oxides - high pressure and temperature in car engine cause nitrogen in the air to react with oxygen in the air. Nitrogen oxide can react again to produce nitrogen dioxide Unburnt hydrocarbons - from fuel Ground level ozone (o3) when hydrocarbons react with nitrogen oxide Carbon monoxide Sulphur dioxide - impurities in the fuel are oxidise

Question 34

What are catalytic converters and what are they used for?

Answer 34

Contain transition (rhodium or platinum) metals and are used to convert pollutants into less harmful chemicals

Question 35

Name three greenhouse gases

Answer 35

Water vapour, carbon dioxide and methane

Question 36

How does global warming work?

Answer 36

Electromagnetic radiation from the sun reaches the earth and Is absorbed. The earth re-emits this as infrared radiation. Gases in the troposphere (lowest layer of the atmosphere) absorbs some of this infrared recitation and emits this in all directions, including towards the earth, keeping us warm. This is the greenhouse effect