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chemistry own > organic chem: 11-16 > Flashcards

organic chem: 11-16 Flashcards

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1
Q

functional group

A

a part of the organic molecule that is largely responsible for the molecule’s chemical properties

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2
Q

homologous series

A

a family of compounds with similar chemical properties whose successive members differ by the addition of a -CH2 group

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3
Q

aliphatic hydrocarbon

A

carbon atoms are joined to each other in unbranched or branched chains, or non-aromatic rings

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4
Q

alicyclic hydrocarbons

A

carbon atoms are joined to each other in a non-aromatic ring, with or without branches

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5
Q

aromatic hydrocarbon

A

some or all of the carbon atoms are found in a benzene ring

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6
Q

alkynes

A

contain at least one triple carbon-to-carbon bond

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7
Q

isomers

A

molecules which have the same molecular formula but differ in the way their atoms are arranged

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8
Q

strutural isomers

A

compounds with same molecular formula but different structural formulae

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9
Q

stereoisomerism

A

compounds with same structural formula but a different arrangement of atoms in 3D space

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10
Q

homolytic fission

A

each of the bonded atoms takes one of the shared pair of electrons from the bond when a covalent bond is broken

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11
Q

radical

A

an atom or group of atoms with unpaired electrons

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12
Q

heterolytic fission

A

one of the bonded atoms takes both of the electrons from the bond when a covalent bond is broken

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13
Q

curly arrows

A

used to show the movement of an electron pair when bonds are broken or made

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14
Q

bonds in alkanes

A

single covalent bond - sigma bond

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15
Q

sigma bond

A

overlap of atomic orbitals directly between the bonding atoms

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16
Q

shape of alkanes and bond angle

A

tetrahedral, 109.5

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17
Q

alkanes: C1-C4 appearance

A

gases

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18
Q

alkanes: C5-C16

A

colourless liquids

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19
Q

alkanes: C17+

A

white waxy solids

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20
Q

alkane with halogen reaction mechanism and condition

A
  • radical substitution (hydrogen atom replaced with halogen)
  • UV
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21
Q

alkane with halogen reaction observation

A

bromine is decolourised, moist litmus paper turns red

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22
Q

three stages of radical substitution

A

initiation
propagation
termination

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23
Q

limitations of radical substitution reaction

A
  1. further substitution - another bromine radical could attack the haloalkane to from a dihaloalkane
  2. substitution at different positions in carbon chain - results in mixture of products
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24
Q

pi bond

A

sideways overlap of two p-orbitals

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25
what does a C=C double bond consist of
1 pi bond and 1 sigma bond
26
3D shape around carbon atoms in C=C double bond and bond angle
trigonal planar, 120
27
criteria for E/Z isomerism
1. C=C double bond (presence of the pi bond restricts rotation) 2. two different groups attached to each C of the C=C double bond
28
E vs Z isomerism
Z - high priority groups on same side of double bond E - high priority groups are diagonally placed across the double bond
29
cis-trans isomerism criteria
(a special case of E/Z isomerism) 1. C=C double bond 2. two different groups attached to each carbon of the double bond 3. one of the attached groups on each carbon must be the same
30
trans vs cis isomerism
trans - across the double bond cis - on same side of double bond
31
hydrogenation of alkenes
- nickel catalyst - addition reaction
32
halogenation of alkenes
- forms dihaloalkanes - electrophilic addition mechanism
33
test for presence of C=C double bond
add bromine water dropwise bromine is decolourise (orange -> colourless)
34
alkenes with hydrogen halides
electrophilic addition mechanism forms haloalkanes (can also react with concentrated hydrochloric or hydrobromic acid which are solutions of the hydrogen halides)
35
hydration of alkenes
-alkenes react with steam - phosphoric acid catalyst - forms alcohols
36
electrophile
atom, or group of atoms, that is attracted to an electron rich centre and accepts an electron pair (usually a positive ion or molecule containing an atom with a partial positive charge)
37
order in increasing stability: primary carbocation, secondary carbocation, tertiary carbocation
primary is least stable, tertiary is most stable
38
polymer
many repeat units (monomers) joined together to make a long chain
39
OH group attached to benzene ring name
phenol
40
how does viscosity change in alcohols and why?
viscosity increases (liquid becomes thicker) as number of OH groups increases - more hydrogen bonds can form
41
colour of dichromate (VI) ions
orange
42
colour of chromium (III) ions
green
43
oxidation of primary alcohols with distillation
aldehyde formed
44
oxidation of primary alcohols under reflux
- need excess acidified potassium dichromate (VI) - carboxylic acid formed
44
aldehyde
C=O functional group at end of chain suffix is -al
44
oxidation of secondary alcohol
ketone formed
44
oxidation of hydroxyl group reaction and observation
potassium dichromate (VI) solution and sulfuric acid observe: colour change from orange to green as dichromate (VI) ions are reduced
45
reflux practical technique
- allows continuous heating of volatile reactants - vapourised reactants condense and drip back into reaction vessel to continue reaction - uses a vertical condenser
45
ketone
C=O functional group within carbon chain suffix is -one
45
distillation practical technique
- separate liquids according to boiling point - uses a side-mounted condenser
46
substitution reactions of alcohols
With NaX and H2SO4 under reflux to form haloalkane
47
dehydration of alcohols
- heat alcohol under reflux - in presence of an acid catalysts (conc. H2SO4 or conc. H3PO4)
48
can tertiary alcohols be oxidised?
no
49
nucleophiles
negative ions or molecules with an atom with a partial negative charge that can donate a lone pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond
50
examples of nucleophiles
OH- H2O NH3
51
haloalkanes with nucleophile reaction and example
halogen is replaced with nucleophile in a nucleophilic substitution reaction under reflux e.g. 1-bromobutane + NaOH -> butan-1-ol +NaBr
52
in nucleophilic substitution of haloalkanes, how is the carbon-halogen bond broken?
by heterolytic fission
53
which react fastest: iodoalkanes, bromoalkanes, chloroalkanes, fluoroalkanes?
iodoalkanes react fastest as the C-I bond is weakest, fluoroalkanes react slowest as C-F bond strongest
54
measuring rate of hydrolysis of primary haloalkanes
ethanol and aqueous silver nitrate solution added, measure time taken for silver halide precipitates to appear
55
5 uses of organohalogen compounds
solvents for cleaning, dry cleaning solvent, polymers, refrigerants, flame retardants
56
chlorine radical cycle
1. initiation: CFCl3 -> CFCl2 + Cl radical 2. propagation: Cl radical + O3 -> ClO radical + O2 ClO radical + O -> Cl radical + O2
57
separating funnel practical techniques
- used to purify an organic product after it has been synthesised - organic product will form a separate layer to any aqueous liquid present - denser layer = lower layer - add sodium carbonate solution to remove acidic impurities then discard unwanted aqueous layer - wash organic layer by adding distilled water, then remove aqueous layer - dry product
58
2 drying agent examples
- anhydrous calcium sulfate - anhydrous magnesium sulfate
59
target molecule
the compound the chemist is attempting to make

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