Organic chem Flashcards
(90 cards)
1
Q
Alkanes: chemical formula
A
C2H2n+2
2
Q
Alkanes: physical properties
A
- High melting boiling point
- Insoluble
- Does not conduct electricity
- Cycloalkanes
3
Q
Alkanes: chemical properties
A
- Combustion
- Substitution (UV light)
4
Q
Alkenes: chemical formula
A
CnH2n
5
Q
Alkenes: physical properties
A
- Double bond on lowest carbon
- High melting boiling point
- Insoluble
- Does not conduct electricity
- Cycloalkene
6
Q
Alkenes: Geometric isomers
Cis
A
Same side
7
Q
Alkenes: Geometric isomers
Trans
A
Opposite sides
8
Q
Alkenes: chemical properties
A
- Combustion
- Addition reactions
9
Q
Alkene: chemical properties
Addition reactions
A
- Hydrogenation (200°C, Ni catalyst)
- Bromination/chlorination
- Hydration (300°C, 60 atm, dilute H2SO4)
- Hydrohalogenation (HCL)
- Oxidation (KMnO4)
- Polymerisation
10
Q
Alkenes: addition reactions
What does Hydrigenation form?
A
Alkane
10
Q
Alkene: addition reaction
How to test between alkane and alkene?
A
Bromination/chlorination
Alkene –> decolourises
Alkane –> turns brown
11
Q
Alkene: addition reaction
How to make alcohols from alkene?
A
Hydration: addition og H2O, 300°C, 60 atm, dilute H2SO4
12
Q
Alkenes: addition reaction
Which reaction produces major minor products?
A
Halohydrogenation
13
Q
Alkenes: addition reaction
What does oxidation of alkene produces?
A
Diol
14
Q
Alkene: addition reaction
What conditions are required to make a alkane and alcohol from alkene?
A
Alkane: 200°C, Ni catalyst
Alcohol: 300°C, 60 atm, dilute H2SO4
15
Q
Amine: chemical formula
A
- NH2
16
Q
Amine: physical properties
A
- Decrease in solubility
- High melting boiling point
- H- bonding present
- Weak base
17
Q
Amine: physical properties
How do you define whether an amine is a primary secondary or tertiary?
A
Depends on how many carbons are directly attached to the N
Primary: 1 C attached
Secondary: 2 C attached
Tertiary: 3 C attached
18
Q
Amine: chemical properties
A
- Preparation
- Hydrolysis
- Acid-base reaction
- Reaction with Acyl chloride
19
Q
Amine: chemical properties
What is needed in the preparation of a Amine?
A
Haloalkane and alcoholic ammonium (NH3)
20
Q
Amine: chemical properties
What does the hydrolysis of propanamine produce?
A
Propyl ammonium ions and hydroxide ions
21
Q
Amine: chemical properties
What does the reaction with acyl chloride produce?
A
2° Amide and HCL
22
Q
Amides: chemical formula
A
Peptide link (CONH)
23
Q
Amide: physical properties
A
- H bonding present
- High melting boiling point
3 decrease in solubility
24
Amide: physical properties
How to define whether amide is primary or secondary?
Depends on the number of carbons attached to thr peptide link and the number of H atoms in the peptide link.
Primary: 1 C attached, 1 H atom
Secondary: 2 C attached, 2 H atom
25
Amide: chemical properties
1. Preparation
2. Preparation (thermal decomp)
3. Hydrolysis
4. Polymerisation (condensation)
26
Amide: chemical properties
What can amide can be prepared with and what are the products?
1. Reaction with Acyl chloride and NH3 --> 1° Amide and HCL
2. Reaction with Ester and NH3 --> 1° amide and alcohol (separate ester)
3. Thermal decomp: Reactio with Carboxylic acid and NH3 --> ammonium ion --> (heat) 1° amide and water
27
Amide: chemical properties
What does the hydrolysis reaction produces?
Acidic reaction: ______ + H30+ --> carboxylic acid + NH4+
Basic reaction: _____ + OH- --> ion + ammonium
28
Amide: chemical properties
What is needed for polymerisation to occur and what does it produce?
Diamine and di-carboxylic acid, polymer and water
29
Amide: chemical properties
What kind of reaction is polymerisation reaction and how can you tell?
Condensation reaction because a small molecule water is removed
30
Alcohols: chemical formula
CnH2n+1OH
31
Alcohol: physical properties
1. H bonding present
2. Increase in melting boiling point
3. Decrease in solubility
32
Alcohols: physical properties
What are properties of primary, secondary, tertiary alcohols.
1. Defined by the number of C attached to main C attached to OH
2. They are optical isomers
3. Can be identified using Lucas reagent
33
Alcohol: physical properties
How does Lucy's reagent differentiate between the degrees of alcohols
1. Chlorination
1° alcohol: no reaction
2° alcohol: cloudy after a while
3° alcohol: turns cloudy immediately
34
Alcohols: chemical properties
1. Combustion
2. Oxidation (Acidified Cr2O7 2-) x2
3. Chlorination (SOCl2, conc. HCL) x2
4. Dehydration
5. Esterification
35
Alcohols: chemical properties
What does the oxidation of a 1° alcoholo produce?
1. Distillation produces an aldehyde (intermediate product)
2. Reflux produces a carboxylic acid
36
Alcohols: chemical properties
What does oxidation of 2° alcohols produce?
Ketone
37
Alcohols: chemical properties
What kind of reaction is the chlorination of alcohols and what doe both produce?
Substitution reaction, Haloalkanes (chloroalkanes)
38
Alcohols: chemical properties
Which degree of alcohols require which reactant, SOCl2 / conc. H2SO4
1° alcohols (SOCl2)
3° alcohols (conc. H2SO4)
39
Alcohols: chemical properties
What type of reaction is the dehydration of alcohols?
Elimination reaction
40
Alcohols: chemical properties
Which chemical reaction with alcohols produces major minor products?
Elimination recation / dehydration
41
Alcohols: Chemical properties
How do you make a alkene from a alcohol?
Dehydration
42
Alcohols: chemical properties
What kind of reaction is esterification?
Condensation reaction
43
Aldehyde and ketone: chemical formula
Aldehyde: -CHO
Ketone: -CO
44
Aldehyde and ketone: physical properties
Aldehyde
1. Carbonyl group
2. Violatile
3. Soluble
4. Unpleasant smell
Ketone
1. Carbonyl group
2. Violatile
3. Soluble
4. Pleasant smell
45
Aldehyde and ketones: physical properties
How do you distinguish between aldehyde and ketone?
1. Oxidation with acidified Cr2O7 2- (A: orange to green, K: stays orange)
2. Oxidation with Tollen's reagent (A: silver mirror, K: no reaction)
3. Oxidation with Benedicts solution (A: blue to brown ppt, K: no reaction)
46
Aldehyde and ketone: physical properties
Why does ketone not have a reaction to tollen's or benedicts solution?
Because Ketones do not undergo oxidation reactions
47
Aldehyde and ketone: chemical properties
What is the chemical reaction that only aldehyde and ketone undergo
Reduction reaction
48
Aldehyde and ketone: chemical properties
Aldehyde
1. Preparation
2. Oxidation ×3
3 reduction
Ketone
1. Preparation
2. Reduction
49
Aldehyde and ketone: chemical properties
What does the preparation of an aldehyde and ketone require?
Aldehyde: 1° alcohol and acidified Cr2O7 2-
Ketone: 2° alcohol and acidified Cr2O7 2-
50
Aldehyde: chemical properties
Which reaction is the preparation of a aldehyde also part of?
Oxidation (distillation) of alcohols
51
Aldehyde: chemical properties
What does the oxidation of an aldehyde produce?
Carboxylic acid
52
Aldehyde and ketone: chemical properties
What is needed for the reduction of an aldehyde or ketone?
NaBH4
53
Aldehyde and ketone: chemical properties
What does the reduction of an aldehyde and ketone produce?
Aldehyde: 1° alcohol
Ketone: 2° alcohol
54
Acyl chloride: chemical formula
-COCl
55
Acyl chloride: physical properties
1. Low melting boiling point
2. Pungent odor
3. Very reactive
4. Always remove HCl
56
Acyl chloride: physical properties
How do you test for Acyl chloride?
It gives a violent reaction with water and produces HCL (turns moist blue litmus paper red)
57
Acyl chloride: chemical properties
1. Preparation
2. Hydrolysis
3. Condensation
4. Amide formation
58
Acyl chloride: chemical properties
How do you identify a Acyl chloride reaction?
HCL (g) is always produced
59
Acyl chloride: what is needed for the preparation of Acyl chloride and what does it produce?
Carboxylic acid and SOCl2, acyl chloride, SO2 and HCL
60
Acyl chloride: chemical properties
What does the hydrolysis of Acyl chloride produces?
Carboxylic acid and HCL
61
Acyl chloride: chemical properties
What does the condensation reaction require and produce?
Requires acyl chloride and alcohol, produces ester and HCl
62
Acyl chloride: chemical properties
Why does the condensation reaction not require any catalyst?
Because Acyl chloride is very reactive and the reaction takes place spontaneously
63
Acyl chloride: chemical properties
How do you form an amide from Acyl chloride?
React acyl chloride with a amine / alcoholic ammonium
64
Carboxylic acid: chemical formula
-COOH
65
Carboxylic acid: physical properties
1. Decrease in solubility
2. High melting boiling point
3. H bonding
4. Carbonyl group
5. Weak acid
66
Carboxylic acid: chemical properties
1. Preparation
2. Hydrolysis
3. Neutralisation
4. Condensation with alcohols
5. Substitution
67
Carboxylic acid: chemical properties
How is a carboxylic acid prepared?
Reflux of alcohol with aldehyde as a intermediate product
68
Carboxylic acid: chemical properties
What does hydrolysis os Carboxylic acid produce?
Ion and H30+ ion
69
Carboxylic acid: chemical properties
What are the 3 neutralisation reactions of a Carboxylic acid and their products?
1. Reaction with metals --> salt + H2
2. Reaction with carbonates --> salt + CO2 + water
3. Reaction with base --> salt + water
70
Carboxylic acid: chemical properties
How to make ester with carboxylic acid?
Condensation with alcohols
71
Carboxylic acid: chemical properties
How do you increase yield of condensation reaction of carboxylic acid?
Add H2SO4
72
Carboxylic acid: chemical properties
What reaction of condensation requires SOCL2 and what does it produce?
Substitution, acyl chloride, SO2 ans HCL
73
Carboxylic acid: chemical properties
What is the equivalent of the Carboxylic acid substitution reaction?
Acyl chloride preparation
74
What is needed for substitution reactions?
SOCL2
75
What is needed for reduction reactions?
NaBH4
76
What is needed for oxidation reactions?
Acidified Cr2O7 2-
77
Esters: chemical formula
-COO-
78
Esters: physical properties
1. Violative
2. Not soluble
3. Low melting boiling point
4. Sweet smelling
79
Esters: chemical properties
What forms esters
1. Acyl chloride and alcohols
2. Carboxylic acid and alcohols
80
Esters: chemical properties
1. Preparation
2. Hydrolysis
3. Reaction with NH3
4. Reaction with amine
81
Esters: chemical properties
Which preparation reaction is faster and why?
Reaction of alcohols with Acyl chloride because acyl chloride is extremely reactive with no catalyst required for thr reaction, while reaction with Carboxylic acid requires conc. H2SO4
82
Esters: chemical properties
What doesare the 2 kinds of hydrolysis of esters and what do they produce?
Acidic --> carboxylic acid
Alkaline--> COO- ion
83
Esters: chemical properties
What does reaction with NH3 produce?
1° amide and alcohol
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