Organic Chem Flashcards
(37 cards)
Describe Alkanes
-Hydrocarbon with only single bonds between carbon atoms
-General formula: CnH2n+2
-Homologous series because they differ by the number of repeating units
-Saturated because single bonds, carbon has 4 bonds, it’s filled.
What is an organic compound?
A chemical compound which contains carbon.
What are the exceptions to organic compounds (contain carbon but are not organic)?
Carbides - SIC
Carbonates - CO3
Cyanides - CN-
Simples oxides of carbon - CO2
For the alkane family, what is the effect of molecule size on boiling point?
The larger the size of the compound has on average, has a higher boiling point.
What is a akyl branch?
Consists of only carbon and hydrogen atoms.
Describe Cycloalkanes
-Cyclic hydrocarbons have a closed ring structure
-When naming prefix cyclo in front of the parent chain name
-General formula: CnHn
Describe Alkenes
Hydrocarbons that contain double bonds (carbon-carbon).
Alkenes are MORE reactive then Alkanes.
General Formula: CnH2n
-Unsaturated because of double bonds.
Describe Allynes
-Hydrocarbons that have carbon-carbon triples bonds.
-Alkynes are EVEN MORE reactive then either Alkanes or Alkenes
-General formula: CnH2n-2
-Unsaturated because of triple bonds.
What is an important rule when naming Alkenes and Alkynes?
-The chain is numbered from the end closed to the multiple bond.
What is the general formula for Cycloalkenes?
CnH2n-2
What is the general formula for Cycloalkynes?
CnH2n-4
What are aromatics?
-Benzene (C6H6) is called aromatics because the molecules have alternating double bonds.
-Very Stable
-Used for building blocks for molecules in body such as hormones.
-Benzene can also be called resonance
-Aromatics are not saturated or saturated but they behave like saturated molecules
-Anything that’s not aromatic is called aliphatic
How do you name a benzene ring when it’s a branch?
-Phenyl group.
What are structural isomers?
-Molecules that have the same general formula but different structural formulas (different arrangement of atoms, imagine the model kits from class.)
-Same chemical formula, different structural model.
How do double bonds (saturation) affect boiling point?
-Leads to lower boiling points because of decreased intermolecular forces compared to saturated compounds.
How do branches affect boiling point?
-Leads to Lower boiling points because of reduced surface area for intermolecular interactions.
How is crude oil separated in a furnace?
-Crude oil separated on the basis of boiling point is called fractional distillation
-Small molecules have low boiling points and rise to the top of the tower
-Larger molecules have higher boiling points so they condense near the bottom.
What is cracking?
-Refineries used the process of cracking to break large hydrocarbons into smaller ones.
-If there’s a decade (10 carbon) just count the carbons in each section. (10-3=7)
C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C
C-C-C + C-C-C-C-C-C-C
Describe Halides
-Organic halides are organic compounds in which one or more hydrogen atoms have been replaced by halogen atoms. (Group 17 ions; F, CL, Br, I).
-This halogen is considered a functional group (An atom or group which gives the molecule its specific properties-> types of reactions a molecule can undergo.)
What are the prefixes for the Halide functional groups?
F - Fluoro
Cl - Chloro
Br- Bromo
I - Iodo
Describe alcohols
-An alcohol is an organic compound containing the hydroxyl (OH) functional group.
-As a result of hydroxyl alcohols form hydrogen bonds.
-A hydrogen bond occurs when a hydrogen atom that is bonded to strong electronegative atom (like O2) is attracted to a lone pair of electrons in an adjacent molecule.
-These strong intermolecular forces means alcohols have a higher boiling point than other hydrocarbons of similar molar mass.
-Polar and dissolve in water
How to name polyalcohol?
-Contains more than one hydroxyl group
-The “e” is not dropped in the name, just like dienes and diynes.
Conditions for addition reactions of organic compounds?
-Need double or triple bonds.
The unsaturated hydrocarbons (multiple bonds, Alkenes or Alkynes) react with small diatomic molecules like halogens (F2), hydrogen, or hydrogen halides (HF)
-Needs heat or catalyst
It breaks the multiple bond which gives it space to attach
-Unsaturated->saturated
Conditions for substitution reactions of organic compounds
-A hydrogen in an alkane or benzene ring (not saturated but acts as if it is) is replaced with another atom or group of atoms.
-Reactant needs to be saturated
-Saturated -> Saturated (single bonds)
