organic chem

Question 1

What defines organic compounds?

Answer 1

Compounds that contain carbon, excluding CO(g), CO2(g), and ionic compounds

Organic compounds are primarily characterized by the presence of carbon atoms.

Question 2

What are functional groups?

Answer 2

Structural arrangement of atoms that imparts a particular characteristic to a molecule

Functional groups play a crucial role in determining the chemical behavior of organic molecules.

Question 3

What are the characteristics of carbon-carbon double or triple bonds?

Answer 3

• Strong
• Unreactive
• More reactive than single bonded carbon atoms
• Sites of reactions
• Unsaturated

These bonds are crucial in organic chemistry as they influence the reactivity and properties of the molecules.

Question 4

What is a halocarbon?

Answer 4

Carbon with a halide

Halocarbons are used in various applications, including refrigerants and solvents.

Question 5

What defines an alcohol?

Answer 5

Carbon with OH

Alcohols are characterized by the presence of a hydroxyl group and are typically polar.

Question 6

What is the structure of an ether?

Answer 6

Oxygen in the middle of the compound

Ethers are used as solvents and have unique properties due to their structure.

Question 7

How is an aldehyde defined?

Answer 7

Double bonded oxygen to carbon on end

Aldehydes are often used in the synthesis of various organic compounds.

Question 8

What is a ketone?

Answer 8

Double bonded oxygen to carbon in middle

Ketones are commonly used as solvents and in organic synthesis.

Question 9

What is the formula for a carboxylic acid?

Answer 9

Double bonded oxygen to carbon to OH

Carboxylic acids are known for their acidic properties and are widely used in organic chemistry.

Question 10

What is an ester?

Answer 10

Ketone + ether

Esters are often responsible for the pleasant aromas of fruits and flowers.

Question 11

What defines an amine?

Answer 11

Presence of nitrogen

Amines can act as bases and participate in hydrogen bonding.

Question 12

What characterizes an amide?

Answer 12

Double bonded oxygen to carbon to NH

Amides are less reactive than amines and are important in biological systems.

Question 13

What is the definition of a hydrocarbon?

Answer 13

Contains only C and H

Hydrocarbons are the simplest organic compounds and serve as the foundation for more complex molecules.

Question 14

What distinguishes alkanes?

Answer 14

Only single bonds, saturated, ends in ‘ane’

Alkanes are the most basic type of hydrocarbons and are relatively unreactive.

Question 15

What defines alkenes?

Answer 15

At least one carbon-carbon double bond, end in ‘ene’

Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons and are more reactive than alkanes.

Question 16

What characterizes alkynes?

Answer 16

At least one carbon-carbon triple bond, end in ‘yne’

Alkynes are even more reactive than alkenes due to the triple bond.

Question 17

What are cis and trans isomers?

Answer 17

Denote orientation in alkenes

The orientation can significantly affect the physical and chemical properties of the compounds.

Question 18

What is the definition of isomers?

Answer 18

Same molecular formula as another compound, but different structure

Isomers can exhibit very different properties despite having the same molecular formula.

Question 19

What is an aromatic hydrocarbon?

Answer 19

Based off of benzene - a 6C cyclic hydrocarbon with alternating double bonds

Aromatic compounds are known for their stability and unique reactivity patterns.

Question 20

What defines alcohols in terms of structure?

Answer 20

Contain hydroxyl group -OH

Alcohols are polar and can form hydrogen bonds, affecting their boiling points and solubility.

Question 21

How are primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols defined?

Answer 21

• Primary: on C1
• Secondary: on C2
• Tertiary: on C2 but C2 is bonded to 3 other Cs

The classification affects their reactivity and the types of reactions they undergo.

Question 22

What is the process of forming ethers?

Answer 22

Condensation of alcohols

Ethers have unique properties and are used as solvents.

Question 23

How is an aldehyde formed?

Answer 23

Oxidation of primary alcohols

Aldehydes are important intermediates in organic synthesis.

Question 24

How is a ketone formed?

Answer 24

Oxidation of secondary alcohols

Ketones are widely used in various industrial applications.

Question 25

What is the structure of carboxylic acids?

Answer 25

Carboxyl group (COOH) ## Footnote Carboxylic acids are known for their acidic properties and are commonly found in organic compounds.

Question 26

What is the naming convention for esters?

Answer 26

Chain single bonded to oxygen, chain with double bonded oxygen ending in 'oate' ## Footnote Esters are frequently used in flavoring and fragrance industries.

Question 27

Rank the reactivity of hydrocarbons from least to most reactive.

Answer 27

Alkanes < benzene < aromatics < alkenes < alkynes ## Footnote This ranking is critical for understanding reaction mechanisms in organic chemistry.

Question 28

What are the two types of combustion reactions involving hydrocarbons?

Answer 28

* Complete combustion (produces carbon dioxide and water) * Incomplete combustion (produces carbon and carbon monoxide) ## Footnote These reactions are fundamental in energy production and environmental chemistry.

Question 29

What is Markovnikov’s rule?

Answer 29

In alkenes and alkynes, one main product is formed because 'the rich get richer' H is added to the C that already has more H ## Footnote This rule helps predict the outcome of reactions involving unsymmetrical alkenes.

Question 30

What are amines derived from?

Answer 30

Ammonia (NH3), with one or more H atoms replaced by alkyl or aryl groups ## Footnote Amines can exhibit basic properties and are important in biological systems.

Question 31

What differentiates amides from amines?

Answer 31

Amides are less basic than amines due to the delocalization of the N’s lone pair into the carbonyl group ## Footnote This affects their reactivity and properties significantly.

Question 32

What are polymers?

Answer 32

Many repeating monomer units bonded together to make long chains ## Footnote Polymers have diverse properties and applications, ranging from natural substances to synthetic materials.

Question 33

What are some pros of polymers?

Answer 33

* Versatility * Durability * Biological importance * Lightweight * Cost-effectiveness ## Footnote These advantages make polymers widely used in various industries.

Question 34

What are some cons of polymers?

Answer 34

* Non-biodegradable * Resource intensive * Toxicity * Microplastics * Waste management * Over-reliance on plastics ## Footnote These drawbacks highlight the environmental challenges associated with polymer use.

Question 35

What are some sustainable polymer alternatives?

Answer 35

* Biodegradable polymers * Natural fiber polymers * Recycling programs * Green chemistry ## Footnote These alternatives aim to reduce the environmental impact of traditional polymers.