ORGANIC CHEM Flashcards by Jessica Selvin

what are the two types of isomers

structural and stereoisomerism

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types of structural isomerism

chain position and functional group

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types of stereoisomerism

optical and EZ

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what is chain isomerism

there are different arrangement in the carbon skeleton

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what are position isomers

same carbon skeleton but the functional group is in a different position

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what are functional group isomers

diff functional groups

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what is stereoisomerism

same molecular formula and structural but diff arrangement of atoms in space

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when is it Z and E isomerism

Z - same side
E - diff side

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what is a free radical

species with an unpaired electron

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what is a carbocation

carbon with a positive charge

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nucleophile

electron pair donor

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electrophile

electron pair acceptor

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how does bp of alkanes change as chain length increases

bp increases as there are more VDWs forces due to a higher SA

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order of fractional distillation columns from least chain length to most

Liquified petroleum gases
Naphtha
Petrol
Kerosine
Diesel oils
Lubricating oil
Fuel oil
Residue (bitumen)

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what mechanism is used in thermal cracking

free radical mechansim

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conditions of thermal cracking

high temp (400-900)
high pressure (70atm)

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products of thermal cracking

lots of alkenes

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mechanism used in catalytic cracking

carbocation mechanism

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conditions of catalytic cracking

450 temp
slight pressure (>1atm)
zeolite catalyst

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products of catalytic cracking

branched alkanes
aromatic hydrocarbons

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what is fuel

a source of energy that can be released

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products of complete combustion of alkanes

CO2 and H2O

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products of incomplete combustion of alkanes

CO/C and H2O

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how are nitrogen oxides formed in the motor engine

from N2 and O2 reacting in the high temp and pressure of the engine

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how can So2 be removed from waste gases from furnaces

flue gas desulfurisation

how does flue gas desulfurisation work

gases pass through a mesh containing metal oxides such as CaO the basic calcium oxide which reacts with the acidic sulfur dioxide in a neutralisation reaction to form CaSO3

why does a catalytic converter have a honeycomb structure

to increase SA

what metals are the catalyst metals that coat the catalytic converter honeycombs

platinum, palladium, rhodium

how many alkyl grps on a primary, secondary and tertiary carbon

1, 2, 3

3 nucleophilic sub reactions with haloalkanes

with hydroxide ions with sodium or potassium cyanide with excess ammonia

conditions needed for reaction with hydroxide ions and haloalkanes

warmed in an aqueous solution of NaOH or KOH

Haloalkane + OH-

alcohol and halide ion

conditions for reaction of a haloalkane with sodium or potassium cyanide

NaCN or KCN must be dissolved in ethanol and heated under reflux

Haloalkane + CN-

nitrile and halide ion

how is the nitrile produced by reacting haloalkanes and turned into a carb acid

reaction with water and HCl (hydrolysis)

nitrile + water + HCl

ammonium chloride and carb acid

conditions for reaction between haloalkanes and excess ammonia

heated in a sealed copper tube and need excess ammomia

haloalkane + 2NH3

amine and ammonium halide

how can you find out which halide ion is in a molecule of CH3CH2X

add silver nitrate solution (acidifies with HNO3) and a silver halide forms. If it is white, it is chlorine, bromine is cream and iodine is yellow. Then redissolve with NH3 to finalise results. Dilute NH3 dissolves AgI and conc NH3 dissolves AgBr and AgCl

conditions for the elimination reaction of haloalkanes

ethanolic NaOH/KOH

haloalkane + OH- (elim reaction)

alkene, water and halide ion

why is ozone useful high in the atmosphere

is absorbs harmful UV light that may cause cancer

will the pi or sigma bond break first when alkenes react

what reactions do alkenes go through

addition reactions (pi bond breaks but sigma bond stays in tact)

what can alkenes react with when they go through electrophilic addition

reaction with bromine (and other halogens) with hydrogen halides reaction with conc H2SO4 reaction with water

what is the test for alkenes

add bromine water and if it decolorises there is alkenes present as they undergo an electrophilic addition with the bromine

what is the reactant and conditions for alkene to alkyl hydrogensulphate

cold conc H2SO4

conditions for electrophilic addition between alkenes and water

H3PO4 catalyst and water 70 atm high temp (300)

what is the product of electrophilic addition between water and alkenes

alcohols

mechanism to get from alkene to a polyalkene

addition polymerisation

what catalyst and conditions is needed for addition polymerisation

Ziegler-Natta low temp high pressure

advantages of landfills

easy quick cheap

disadvantages of landfills

limited space not sustainable eyesore

advantages of incineration

reduced waste effective disposal

disadvantages of incineration

releases harmful products such as CO2 contributes to the greenhouse effect

advantages of recycling

sustainable conserves natural resources less waste

disadvantages of recylcing

expensive time consuming

how would the boiling point of an alcohol be different to its equivalent alkane and why

alcohols have a higher boiling point as they have hydrogen bonding and alkanes on have VDWs which is weaker

what are the 2 common methods of manufacturing ethanol

fermentation of sugar hydration of ethene

what is the reaction of the fermentation of sugar to get ethanol

glucose -> ethanol + CO2

is the fermentation of sugar to make ethanol fast

it is slow and can take a few days

how pure is the ethanol produced from the fermentation of sugar

quite impure only around 15% is ethanol

how are the reaction conditions in the fermentation of sugar

low energy and low cost anaerobic at around 37C

is the fermentation of sugar renewable

yes as it uses the glucose from plants which can regrow

reaction of the formation of ethanol from hydration of ethene

ethene + steam -> ethanol

is the rate of recation for the formation of ethanol from hydration of ethene fast

yes

how pure is the product for the formation of ethanol from hydration of ethene

nearly pure

reaction conditions for the formation of ethanol from hydration of ethene

H3PO4 catalyst 300C 70 atm (high energy and expensive)

is the formation of ethanol from hydration of ethene renewable

no because it uses cracking

how can you tell the difference between an aldehyde and a ketone

tollens - NVC for ketone but silver mirror forms for aldehyde fehlings solution - NVC for ketones but brick red ppt for aldehydes

what do primary alcohols oxidise into

aldehydes

what do secondary alcohols oxidise into

ketone

what to tertiary alcohols oxidise into

dont easily oxidise

what frequencies do bonds vibrate at

infra red

ORGANIC CHEM Flashcards

(74 cards)