Organic Chem Flashcards
(31 cards)
organic chemistry
-is the study of the molecular compounds of carbon
(CH4,CH3OH,CH3NH2)
- Organic chemistry EXCLUDES oxides of carbon and ions containing carbon
(ex. CO ,CO2, KCN are NOT organic compounds)
Tell about the history of Organic chem
- started when medicine men extracted chemicals from plants and animals as treatments and cures
-first defined as a branch of modern science in the early 1800’s by Jon Jacob Berzelius
-Berzelius believed in vitalism-organic compounds could only originate from living organisms through the action of some vital force… that
organic compounds originate in living,or once living matter
-inorganic compounds come from “mineral”
what % of known compounds are organic
98%
- the huge number is mainly due to the ability of carbon atoms to form stable chains,branched chains,rings , branches rings and multiple bonds(double and triple bonds) to itself and to many other nonmetal atoms
What are the sources of organic Compounds
- Carbonized Organic Matter
- fossil fuels such as coal,oil & natural gas
- basis for the petrochemical industry - Living organisms
- penicillin from mold
- ASA form the bark of a willow tree - Invention
- antibiotics,aspirin,vanilla flavoring & heart drugs are manufactured from organic starting materials
- plastics
what are structural isomers
Structures that have the same molecular formula but different structural formulas are called structural isomers
-structural isomers have the same chemical formula but have different chemical and physical properties
Hydrocarbons
-consist of carbon and Hydrogen atoms only
( ex methane CH4)
- hydrocarbon derivatives have one or more hydrogen atoms replaced by another nonmmetallic atom
aliphatic hydrocarbons
have carbon atoms bonded in chains or rings with only single,double or triple bonds,
aliphatic hydrocarbons include alkanes,alkenes,alkynes
alkanes
are hydrocarbons that have only single bonds between carbon atoms
general formula Cn+ H2n +2
Prefixes number of Carbon atoms meth - 1 eth - 2 prop - 3 but - 4 pent - 5 hex - 6 hept - 7 oct - 8 non - 9 dec - 10
homologous series
is a series of structures which differ by the same structural unit
ex. each alkane increase by ch2
Ex SiO2 Si2O3 Si3O4 Si4O5
Refer look at the four ways to represent alkanes
- Structural formulas
- Condensed Structural formulas
- Line Structural diagrams
- Expanded Molecular formula
Alkyl group
-an alkyl group has one less hydrogen than an alkane
- general formula: Cn H2n +1
To name an alkyl group use the same prefix to indicate the number of carbons followed by the suffix (- y1)
ex - C7H15
(note the dash just represents that they are joined onto the same carbon in a chain
-Branched alkanes are alkanes that contain one or more alkyl goup
prefixes
Prefixes number of Carbon atoms meth - 1 eth - 2 prop - 3 but - 4 pent - 5 hex - 6 hept - 7 oct - 8 non - 9 dec - 10
saturated hydrocarbons
-contain only single bonds between carbon atoms
ex alkanes
(note the definition from the book was that they are hydrocarbons in which the carbon atom is bonded to the max possible number of atoms; either H or C atoms
unsaturated hydrocarbons
contain double or triple bonds between carbon atoms
ex. alkenes and alkynes
( hydrocarbons whose carbon can potentially bond to additional atoms)
general formula for alkenes
-note there is at least one double bond in alkenes
Cn H2n
general formula for alkynes
-note there is at least one triple bond
Cn H2n-2
general formula for a cyclic Hydrocarbon
cyclic alkanes have a general formula Cn H2n
(a cyclic hydrocarbon is ring structure formed when two ends of a hydrocarbon chain together. Can be cycloalkane, cylcoalkene,or cylcoalkyne
there are no structural isomers for what three alkanes?
the first three methane,ethane and propane
Aromatic compounds
aromatic compounds contain at least one benzene ring
- the formula for benzene, C6H6,was determined by Micheal Faraday in 1825
- The structural formula was determined by August Kelule in 1865
Bezene
LOOK IN EXERCISE KNOW THE PROPOSED FORMULA AND THE MODIFIED STRUCTURE
conflicting reasons include
- that the double bonds between carbons in Benzene are shorter than the single bonds between the carbons.(x-ray crystallography shows that all the single bonds between carbons bonds in benzene are the same length
- benzene reacts like an alkane,not like an alkene
For the modified structure
- kekule proposed a resonance structure for benzene
- the resonance structure is an average of the electron distributions
- bonding electrons,once believed to be in double bonds are delocalized and shared equally over the 6 carbon atoms
- the bonds in benzene are like “1 &1/2” bonds somewhere between single and double
ortho
means 1 &2 and represented by “o”
meta
means positions 1&3 and is represented by “m”
para
means positions 1&4
-represented by “p”
note about benzene
benzene is treated as a branch if it is not attached to the terminal carbon of an alkyl group
Benzene as a branch is called phenyl
