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Chemistry > ORGANIC CHEM-pg 149 + how to draw > Flashcards

ORGANIC CHEM-pg 149 + how to draw Flashcards

1
Q

what is a hydrocarbon
general formula for alkanes
what is a homologous series

A

compound formed from only H and C atoms
CnH2n+2
a group of organic compounds that react in a similar way and all have the same functional group

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2
Q

what are alkanes, explain why
.
what is a functional group

A

saturated hydrocarbons/compounds
each carbon atom has 4 single covalent bonds
part of molecule that determines how it will react

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3
Q

first 4 alkanes and their formulas

what is a displayed formula

A

methane CH₄
ethane C₂H₆
propane C₃H₈
butane C₄H₁₀
a drawing showing all atoms and bonds in molecule

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4
Q

what happens as length of carbon chain (hydrocarbon) gets bigger

the properties of a hydrocarbon affects …….

A

-viscosity increases (more gloopy, less runny)
-boiling point increases, volatility decreases- higher temp needed to vaporise/condense
-flammability decreases, harder to ignite

how the hydrocarbon is used as a fuel

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5
Q

equation for complete combustion of hydrocarbon fuels
what are the waste products
what is released

A

-Hydrocarbon + oxygen—> Carbon dioxide + water (and energy)
-Carbon dioxide + water (vapour)
-energy

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6
Q

explain what happens in combustion of Hydrocarbons
why are hydrocarbons used as fuels

A

the carbon and hydrogen in the fuels are oxidised (gain O₂)
bcse of amount of energy released in complete combustion

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7
Q

what is crude oil x3

A

-finite recourse in rocks (fossil fuel)
-Formed from remains of an ancient biomass, mainly plankton, that was buried in mud- under high pressure and time, became crude oil
-Mixture of many different compounds, mostly hydrocarbons, mostly alkanes

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8
Q

fossil fuels- coal, oil, gas are all…..
explain why

A

non renewable- finite recources
Used at faster rate than being formed

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9
Q

-What does fractional distillation do
-Explain how fractional distillation works 4 points

A

separate hydrocarbons in crude oil into fractions (w/ similar no. of carbon atom)
-Vaporise oil till it turns to gas- gases enter fractionating column
-in column, there is a temp gradient, Hot —> Cool
-longer hydrocarbons = higher boiling points. Condense into liquid + drain out early- near bottom.
Shorter hydrocarbons = lower b.p. Condense + drain out later, near top
-eventually Crude oil mixture separated into fractions w/ similar carbon atom no. so similar bp’s

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10
Q

5 gases u know that are produced from crude oil- rely on in life
From highest to lowest boiling point
.
what is lpg made of

A

heavy fuel oil-ships
diesel oil-trucks/buses
kerosene-plains
petrol-cars
Liquified Petroleum Gas-camping stoves, heating oil, lubricating oil
-mostly propane and butane

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11
Q

what happens to very short chain hydrocarbons in the fractional column

A

have really low boiling points
.all throughout the column, the temperature is hot enough to keep these as gas
they cannot condense - taken out from the top still in gas form

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12
Q

the fractions can be processed to produce…….

A

fuels and feedstock for the petrochemicals industry

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13
Q

what does feedstock mean
the petrochemical industry uses fractions of crude oil as feedstock to make new compounds for use in things like…. x4

A

a chemical used to make other chemicals
-polymers
-solvents
-lubricants
-detergents

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14
Q

The products of crude oil are all types of…..
The vast array of natural and synthetic carbon compounds is bcse of…

A

organic compounds (compounds containing carbon)
Carbon atoms ability to form families of similar compounds- different homologous series.

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15
Q

what is cracking
why is it done x2

What are the potential products of cracking x2
2 types of cracking

A

breaking down hydrocarbons into smaller, more useful molecules
Short chain hydrocarbons= more flammable=good fuels
Fuels w/ small molecules are in high demand
-alkanes, alkenes
-catalytic/ steam

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16
Q

what are alkenes used to produce x2-
some products of cracking are useful as

A

-Polymers. Starting material for producing other chemicals
-fuels

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17
Q

what type of reaction is cracking

Describe catalytic cracking -3 steps

Describe steam cracking- 3 steps

A

Thermal decomposition-break down molecules by heating
.
Both MUST be done under high temp (320* +)
.
-vaporise long chain hydrocarbon - heat to gas
-pass vapour over HOT powdered aluminium oxide catalyst
-long chain molecules split apart

-vaporise hydrocarbons
-mix them w/ steam
-heat to VERY high temp

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18
Q

C₅H₁₂ can be cracked into ethene and 1 other hydrocarbon,
Give balanced symbol equation for this

A

C₅H₁₂ —-> C₂H₄ + C₃H₈

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19
Q

why are alkanes useful as fuels
what are alkenes

A

they release energy when burnt
hydrocarbonsthat have functional group C=C

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20
Q

general formula for alkenes
why are alkenes unsaturated
why are alkenes more reactive than alkanes

first 4 alkenes

A

CnH2n
have C=C double bond so have 2 fewer hydrogens than an alkane w/ same carbon number
the C=C double can open up to make a single bond, the two C atoms can bind w/ other atoms
ethene
propene
butene
pentene

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21
Q

Akene+ Oxygen=
when alkenes are burnt in air, alkenes undergo….
standard equation for incomplete combustion of alkenes
what can be seen when alkenes incompletely combust

A

Carbon Dioxide + Water
incomplete combustion
Carbon+Carbon Monoxide+carbon dioxide +water (+energy)
smoky flame (yellow)

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22
Q

what are the cons of incomplete combustion of alkenes x2

Why are alkenes a homologous series

A

carbon monoxide is poisonous
releases less energy than complete combustion
all have the same functional group

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23
Q

what is a functional group
why do alkenes react similarly
alkenes usually react by what type of reaction-explain

A

group of atoms in a molecule that determine how a molecule reacts.
they all have C=C double bond
addition reactions. the c=c double bond opens to leave a single bond- new atom added to each carbon

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24
Q

what is hydrogenation of an alkene
what is the product
what is needed for hydrogenation

A

addition of hydrogen
a saturated alkane
a nickel catalyst
High temp (150* c)

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25
Q

alkene+ halogen=
ethene + bromine=
in general what is the reaction of an alkene and halogen like-

A

dihaloalkane (Di because there are 2 halogen atoms)
dibromoethane
-quite rapid- no special conditions needed

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26
Q

what happens when bromine water is added to a saturated compound
What happens when an bromine water added to alkene- unsaturated

A

the orange bromine water stays orange, no reaction
(the bromine will add across the double bond) decolourises bromine water- colourless dihbromo compound is made

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27
Q

alkene + water (steam) =
How do you do this
what conditions are needed-
how is ethanol made industrially x4

A

alcohol
mix alkene w/ steam and pass over catalyst
-high temp(300*) and 70 atm and phosphoric acid catalyst
.
–mix ethene w/ steam. Pass over a catalyst. put mixture into condenser.
ethanol + water have higher bp than ethene, condense.
unreacted ethene recycled back into reactor.
ethanol purified from mixture by fractional distillation

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28
Q

what are polymers
What happens in addition polymerisation
‘
What conditions are needed for it
in addition polymerisation, the monomer will always be a ….
example of monomers

A

long chains of repeating units- monomers
Many small molecules- monomers join to form large molecule-polymer.
high pressure, a catalyst
alkene
- poly(ethene) or poly(propene) through addition polymerisation

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29
Q

what are plastics made of

A

carbon based polymers, monomers are often alkenes

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30
Q

what happens in addition polymerisation

A

the monomers originally have double c=c bond.
these unsaturated monomers (alkenes) open up the double bond and join together to form polymer chains

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31
Q

in addition polymers, why does the repeating unit have the same atoms as the monomer
How can you tell which is the monomer and which is the polymer

A

bcse no other molecule is formed
(the polymer is the only product)
monomer has C=C double bond
polymer has c-c bond

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32
Q

the monomers a polymer is made from affects the…… of the …… As there are many ………. there are many different ……

A

the monomers a polymer is made from affects the properties of a plastic. As there are many monomers there are many different plastics

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33
Q

How to draw displayed formula from of addition polymer from displayed formula of monomer - 4 steps

-how to go the other way round

how do you name a polymer

A

-draw the 2 alkene carbons, replace the C=C double bond with C-C bond
-add an extra empty bond to the side of each carbon
-fill in rest of bonds the way they are in the monomer.
-put brackets around the repeating bit- put n AFTER the brackets
—Draw out the repeating bi of the polymer
replace the C-C with C=C and get rid of the empty extra bonds

-poly(monomer) so if monomer is propene—- Poly(propene)

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34
Q

functional group of alcohols
general formula
first 4 alcohols
formulas- you MUST show the functional group
structural formulas

A

-O-H
CnH2nOH
methanol CH₃OH
ethanol C₂H₅OH CH₃CH₂OH
propanol C₃H₇OH CH₃CH₂CH₂OH
butanol C₄H₉OH CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂OH

35
Q

properties of first 4 alcohols
what happens to alcohols in air
Alcohol + O2=

A

flammable, soluble
undergo complete combustion
carbon dioxide + water +(energy)

36
Q

what PH do alcohol solutions have
what happens to solubility as carbon no. increases

A

neutral,7
decreases

37
Q

alcohol + sodium=
what can be seen

A

hydrogen + sodium(meth/eth/prop/but)oxide
hydrogen bubbles

38
Q

alcohol + oxidising agent=
what happens to the alcohol

A

carboxylic acid + water
oxidised(to form carboxylic acid)

39
Q

uses of alcohols, why
give an example

A

solvents- dissolve most things water can , + things water can’t eg hydrocarbons/oils/fats
-first 4 used as fuels- high flammability-
-ethanol used as fuel in spirit burners- burns cleanly, non smelly

40
Q

how can ethanol be made by fermentation -3 steps

ideal conditions x3

why these conditions

A

-sugar solution mixed w/ yeast
-an enzyme in yeast converts sugars to ethanol- CO₂ also produced
-Ethanol produced is aqueous

37*C , slightly acidic conditions, anaerobic conditions( no O₂)
- enzyme in yeast works best to convert sugar to alcohol
-different ph/temp= enzymes denature/work slower

41
Q

sugar solution mixed w/ yeast=

A

ethanol + carbon dioxide

42
Q

functional group of carboxylic acids,
describe how this looks in displayed formula
What are the first 4 and formulas

A

-COOH ( double from c to o ) (single from c to o) (single from o to h)
—C=O
|
O-H
-Methanoic acid HCOOH
-ethanoic acid CH₃COOH
-propanoic acid C₂H₅COOH
-butanoic acid C₃H₇COOH

43
Q

carboxylic acid + metal carbonate=
ethanoic acid + sodium carbonate=
propanoic acid + potassium carbonate=
what would u see -

A

salt (-ending in anoate) + water + carbon dioxide
sodium ethanoate + water + carbon dioxide
potassium propanoate + water + carbon dioxide
gas bubbles, CO₂ formed

44
Q

What happens when a carboxylic acid dissolves in water

Describe pH of carboxylic acids
Carboxylic acid dissolved in water = what type of reaction

A

-in water, they are weak acids
-they ionise and release H+ ions
-don’t completely ionise, form weakly acidic solutions

-carboxylic acids have higher pH than strong acids eg hcl at same conc.
-reversible reaction

45
Q

Ethanoic acid is dissolved in water, complete this equation
CH₃COOH (aq)

A

CH₃COOH (aq) ⇌ H+ (aq) + CH₃COO - (aq)

46
Q

functional group of esters
ester you need to know
How does the functional group look

A

COO
ethyl ethanoate
C——O
||
O
(C=O)(C-O)

47
Q

Alcohol + carboxylic acid=
what else is used in this reaction
How is ethyl ethanoate made

A

ester + water
acid catalyst eg (concetrated sulfuric acid)
ethanoic acid + ethanol AND acid catalyst

48
Q

what happens in condensation polymerisation
why is it called condensation polymerisation

A

monomers with 2 of functional groups react and bond, making polymer chains.
for each new bond, small molecules eg water are lost- so the reaction is called condensation

49
Q

the simplest polymers are produced from

How can polyester be made from condensation polymerisation

A

2 different monomers, with two of the same functional groups on each monomer.
ethanediol and hexanedioic acid polymerise to produce a polyester

50
Q

condensation polymerisation to produce a polyester

A

HO- []-OH Ethanediol
HOOC- [] -COOH Hexanedioic acid
polymerise to produce:
(-O- [] - O-CO- []-CO-) n + 2nH₂O
A Polyester AND Water

51
Q

what are the types of substances that polymerise together to get
a condensation polymer

A

a diol + a dicarboxylic acid= condensation polymer + water
(OH group) (COOH group) = (COO group) + (H2O)

52
Q

number of types of monomers
in addition Vs condensation polymerisation

A

ADDITION-
only one monomer type containing C=C bond
CONDENSATION-
2 monomer types- each containing 2 of the same functional groups
OR…..
1 monomer type with different functional groups

53
Q

number of products
in addition Vs condensation polymerisation

A

ADDITION-
only one product formed
CONDENSATION-
Two types of product- the polymer and small molecule (eg water)

54
Q

functional groups involved
in addition Vs condensation polymerisation

A

ADDITION-
alkene c=c
CONDENSATION-
2 reactive groups on each monomer

55
Q

alkene + what = alcohol
how can more of the alcohol be made
what is special about this reaction

A

steam
unreacted alkene and steam are passed back over catalyst
it is reversible

56
Q

-what are the 2 different functional groups in 1 molecule of amino acid

-what type of polymerisation do amino acids undergo

-what is produced in this

A

c=o-o-h carboxylic acid group
H2N- amine group

-condensation

-polypeptide
-water

57
Q

what is the structure of amino acid glycine
chemical formula for what glycine polymerises to produce

A

google it and remember it pls
(-HNCH₂CO-)n and n H₂O.

58
Q

what happens when 2 glycines - (amino acids) react
-what if many reacted

A

-the oh from carboxylic acid group and a h from amine group react to make water
-then o=c and n-h join together
-this is called a peptide

-many amino acids joined tgther like this makes a polypeptide which is the polymer
-amino acids are the monomers

59
Q

why is a polypeptide called this
-what is a protien

A

made from the same type amino acids
-when different amino acids combine into the same chain

59
Q

why is a polypeptide called this
-what is a protien

A

made from the same type amino acids
-when different amino acids combine into the same chain

60
Q

What is dna
what does it do
-most dna molecules are made up of-

A

a large molecule essential for life
-encodes genetic instructions for the development and functioning of living organisms and viruses

-2 polymer chains , made from 4 different monomers- nucleotides
-in form of double helix

61
Q

naturally occuring polymers and what monomers they are made of x4

A

protien- amino acids
starch-glucose
cellulose-glucose
dna-nucleotides

62
Q

alkene + hydrogen=
alkene + water=
alkene + halogen=
acid + carbonate=

A

Alkane
Alcohol
diHaloAlkane
Salt + Co2 + H2O

63
Q

uses of methanol

A

-chemical feedstock- meth=mouth—>feedstock
-toxic- used in methylated spirits/disinfectants to stop ppl drinking them
meth=not good=toxic

64
Q

uses of ethanol

A

main alcohol in drinks-
mixed w/ petrol for use as fuel
-ethan drinking alcohol at petrol station

65
Q

uses of propanol + butanol

A

solvent +fuel

66
Q

how is a polymer formed from its monomers in addition polymerisation

A

many monomers
join
to form a long chain
no other substance
c=c break so the monomer can join to another

needs catalysts, pressure, heat or UV light

67
Q

Why does a thermosoftening polymer melt when heated

A

It has intermolecular forces between the chains
Which are weak
Which needs little energy to overcome

68
Q

ethanoic acid + sodium carbonate=

A

sodium ethanoate + water + carbon dioxide

69
Q

metal + acid=
sodium + ethanoic acid=

A

salt + hydrogen
sodium ethanoate + hydrogen

70
Q

what compound dissolves in water to give a neutral solution

A

alcohol

71
Q

why is alcohol able to soluble in water

A

due to oh- group

72
Q

Solutions of ethanoic acid and hydrochloric acid have different pH values at the same concentration because:

A

Ethanoic acid only partially ionises
There is a lower concentration of hydrogen ions
the pH value is higher than that of HCl

73
Q

how could you tell from an equation that the acid is weak-

A

the reversible reaction arrow

74
Q

conditions needed for making ethanol from sugar solution

A

Fermentation;
glucose
Add yeast
anaerobic conditions
Warm conditions (20-45*)

75
Q

-what happens in fermentation to produce ethanol
-why does temp need to be warm

A

during fermentation;
C6H12O6 → 2CO2+ 2C2H5OH
-yeast respire anaerobically
-provide the enzymes to break down the glucose to ethanol + co2
- if the reaction is too cold, r.o.r very slow
-too hot - enzymes denature

76
Q

conditions needed to convert ethene to ethanol- hydrogentation

A

Steam;
High temperature;(300- 330)
High pressure;( 60 and 70 atm)
Acidcatalyst;phosphoric acid
-the ethene comes from non renewable crude oil

77
Q

there are 3 ADDITION reactions for alkenes-
ALKENE+
halogen=
hydrogen=
steam=

A

.
dihaloalkane
-alkane
-alcohol

78
Q

how are carboxylic acids formed-

A

alcohol OXIDISED with an oxidising agent presented in equation as [O]

79
Q

what is esterification-

A

ethanoic acid + ethanol = ethyl ethanoate + water

(acid +alcohol= ester + water)

80
Q

ethanoic acid + alkali = salt and water
what type of reaction is this

A

neutralisation

81
Q

what catalyst is needed in esterification

A

acid catalyst

82
Q

compare structure and reactions of propene and propane-

A

Structure and bonding
*   Both hydrocarbons
*   three carbon atoms
*   Propane- 8 h atoms
*   propene -6 h atoms
*   Both covalent
*   Both have C—H bonds
*   Both small molecules
Reactions

*   Both react w/ oxygen -complete combustion
*   and make H20 + CO2
*   Both react w/ oxygen - incomplete combustion reactions
*   and make h20, co, co2
*   Incomplete combustion more likely w/ propene
*   Propene decolourises bromine water
*   (But) propane does not decolourise bromine water
*   Propene is more reactive (than propane)
*   Propene can react with hydrogen
*   Propene can react with water
*   Propene can react with halogens
*   Propene can undergo addition reactions
*   Propene can polymerise

Chemistry (18 decks)

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