Organic Chem Reactions Flashcards by Dan Busuttil

Reacting alkene (propene)and hydrogen halide (HBr)

Forms Bromo Alkane (2-Bromo Propane) as major product

Forms (1-Bromo Propane) minor

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Reacting Alkene (Propene) and halogen (Br2)

Forms Di-Bromo Alkane (1,2-diBromo Propane)

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Reacting Alkene (Propene) and Hydrogen with a Nickel catalyst (at 150°c)

Forms Alkane (Propane)

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Reacting Alkene (ethene) with steam using Phosphoric Acid catalyst (H3PO4) at 300°c 60atm

Forms an Alcohol (Ethanol)

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Reagent(s) and conditions used for reaction of Alkene to Bromo-Alkane

HBr used for Bromoalkane
Br2 used for Di-Bromoalkane

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Reagents and conditions to turn an Alkene to Alkane

Hydrogen and Nickel catalyst at
150°c (Hydrogenation)

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Reagents and conditions to turn Alkene to Alcohol

Steam
Phosphoric acid (H3PO4) Catalyst
300°c 60atm

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reagent and conditions needed to turn alcohols into alkenes

Conc sulfuric acid and 170° reflux

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An alcohol can be dehydrated using reflux in the presence of sulphuric acid (H2SO4). What is the rule for elimination that determines whether the molecule can undergo an elimination reaction)

The Alcohol Must be non primary

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conditions and reagent to make a bromo alkane into an alcohol.

Aqueous KOH with Heat under reflux. (Or NaOH)

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reagents and conditions used to make ester from carboxylic acid

an alcohol + Acid catalyst under reflux

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reagents and conditions used to make ester from acyl chloride

Anhydrous alcohol, RTP

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reagents and conditions used to make an ester from an acid anhydride

an alcohol RTP

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acid anhydrides, carboxylic acids and acyl chlorides can react with many nucleophiles what products are produced?

Alcohol
water
aqueous ammonia (NH3)
Primary Amine

Alcohol forms ester
Water forms carboxylic acid
Ammonia forms amide
nitroAlkane forms secondary amide

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ester + H2SO4(aq) (acidified water) produces

hydrolysis of ester with reversible reaction
forms:
carboxylic acid + alcohol

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ester + NaOH(aq) (alkali water) produces

hydrolysis of ester(primary reaction)
forms:
carboxylic acid +alcohol

neutralisation of acid(secondary reaction)
forms:
carboxylic acid salt(sodium carboxylate) +water

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Reactant and conditions to make bromopropane from propane

Br2 and UV light

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Bromine is added to a sample of butane under UV light, what products are expected.

bromobutane

(Multiple positions, isomers and substitutions take place)

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What reactant and conditions can be used to saturate bonds with hydrogen

H2, nickel catalyst and 150°c

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reagent and conditions used to make dibromo propane from propene

Br2

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reactant and conditions used to make haloalkane from an alcohol

NaBr/H2SO4 (acidified)

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Alcohol is reacted with Sodium Bromide in acid H+ what product is made

Bromoalkane

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Primary Alcohol is refluxed with carboxylic acid and conc H2SO4 what product is made

Ester

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reactant and conditions used to make an ester using alcohol

Carboxylic acid + H2SO4 + reflux.

acyl chloride
Or acid anhydride can be used

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reactant and conditions used to make aldehyde from a primary alcohol

Acidified Potassium dichromate + distillation

Alcohol is distilled with K2Cr2O7/H+ what product is made (the distillate)

Aldehyde

reactant and conditions used to make an alcohol from an aldehyde

Aqueous NaBH4 (reduction)

Aldehyde is reduced using NaBH4 in water , what product is made

Alcohol

reactant and conditions used to make carboxylic acid from a primary alcohol

Acidified K2Cr2O7 + reflux

Alcohol is refluxed with K2Cr2O7 in the presence of H+ what product is made

Carboxylic acid

reactant and conditions used to make a hydroxynitrile from aldehyde

HCN gas or NaCN/H2SO4

Propanoic acid reacts with a base to form

Propanoate salt

reactant and conditions used to make an acyl chloride from carboxylic acid

Anhydrous(dry) SOCl2

Carboxylic acid is reacted with SOCl2 in a dry environment what product is made

Acyl chloride

reactant and conditions used to make secondary amide using an acyl chloride

Any amine (R-NH2) ie methylamine, Anhydrous conditions

amine is reacted with acyl chloride in a dry environment, what product is made

Secondary amide

Acyl chloride is reacted with ammonia (NH3) what product is made

Primary amide

reactant and conditions used to make carboxylic acid from ester

Acidified water H2SO4(aq) Or Alkali water NaOH(aq)

Reactant and conditions used to make Carboxylic acid from acyl chloride

Water

reactant and conditions used to make carboxylate salt using an ester

NaOH under reflux

Ester is refluxed with NaOH what products are formed

Sodium Carboxylate salt, alcohol (from ester)

Acid anhydride is reacted with ethanol what products are formed

Carboxylic acid Ester

reactant and conditions used to make alkene from alcohol

Conc H2SO4 + 170°c (elimination)

Alcohol is heated with conc H2SO4 what product is made

Alkene

reactant and conditions used to make an alcohol using a ketone

NaBH4(aq)

Ketone is reacted with NaBH4 what product is made

Secondary alcohol

reactant and conditions used to make ketone from secondary alcohol

K2Cr2O7/H2SO4 reflux

Reactants and conditions needed to make carboxylic acid from a nitrile

Aqueous HCl (acid)

Hydroxy nitrile is reacted with aqueous HCl what product is made

Hydroxy Carboxylic acid

Ketone is reacted with NaBH4 what product is formed

Secondary alcohol

Reagent to turn ketone into a hydroxynitrile

HCN has or KCN/H+(aq)

Ketone is reacted with gaseous HCN what product is formed

Hydroxy nitrile (in the middle of chain)

Nitrile is heated with hydrogen and nickel what is formed

Amine

Hydroxynitrile is heated with Hydrogen and nickel what is produced

Hydroxy Amine

Reagent and conditions to turn a nitrile into an amine

170°c with Hydrogen and nickel catalyst

Reagent and conditions to form a primary Amine from a Haloalkane

Exess ammonia in ethanol solvent

Reagent and conditions to make a secondary Amine

Any amine and any haloalkane (exess amine)

An amine is reacted with an acid, what is produced

Ammonium salt (R-NH3+Cl-)

Reagent and conditions to form a Haloalkane from an Alkane

Any halogen and UV light

Reagent and conditions to form a Nitrile from a Haloalkane

KCN and ethanol solvent

A primary amine is reacted with 1-BromoEthane what is produced

Secondary Amine

A Haloalkane is reacted exess ammonia in ethanol what is produced

Primary Amine

Alkane is radiated with UV light and iodine is added, what is produced

Iodoalkane(s)

A Haloalkane is reacted with CN- ions in ethanol, what is produced?

Nitrile

A Haloalkane is refluxed with NaOH(aq) what is produced?

An alcohol

An Acyl chloride is reacted with Pure ethanol what is produced

Ester

An Acyl chloride is mixed with water, what is produced?

A carboxylic acid

An aldehyde is refluxed with K2Cr2O7 and an acid what is produced?

Carboxylic acid

Reagent and conditions needed to turn an aldehyde into a carboxylic acid

Acidified potassium dichromate, or tollens reagent

An aldehyde is reacted with NaCN in an acid, what is produced?

Hydroxynitrile

Reagent and conditions to turn an aldehyde into a hydroxynitrile

Acidified CN- NaCN/H+, KCN/H+ or HCN gas

What conditions does every acyl chloride reaction contain?

Anhydrous conditions!!! As any H2O will form a carboxylic acid

Reagent and conditions to turn Benzene into a halo benzene

Bromine with AlCl3 halogen carrier (Anhydrous)

Benzene is reacted with Chlorine and AlCl3, what is formed?

Clorobenzene (multiple substitutions could happen)

Benzene and Chloro Ethane are refluxed with AlCl3 what is produced

Ethylbenzene

Reagent and conditions to from an alkyl benzene

Chloroalkane, AlCl3 halogen carrier under anhydrous reflux

Reagent and conditions to form nitrobenzene from benzene

Conc, nitric acid and sulphuric acid at 55°c

Benzene is warmed with HNO3 and H2SO4 what is formed?

Nitrobenzene Number of substitutions depends on temp

Nitrobenzene is mixed with Tin and Conc HCl, followed by aqueous NaOH and reflux, what is formed?

Phenyl Amine

Reagent and conditions to turn nitrobenzene to Phenyl Amine

Tin and Conc HCl first, followed by aqueous NaOH then reflux

reagent and conditions for Friedel crafts reaction

reflux with Anhydrous Acyl Chloride and AlCl3 halogen carrier

Benzene is refluxed with propanoyl chloride and AlCl3, what is formed?

Phenyl PropanOne (Friedel crafts)

Phenol is reacted with Bromine, what is formed?

2,4,6 Tribromophenol

Reagent and conditions to form a Halophenol from phenol

(Halogen) Br2 at rtp (Phenol is reactive)

Phenol is reacted with sodium carbonate, what is expected to happen?

No fizzing, as phenol isn’t acidic enough to react with carbonate

Phenol is reacted with sodium hydroxide, what is produced?

Sodium phenoxide, as NaOH is basic enough to cause phenol to react.

Dilute Nirtic acid is mixed with phenol, what is produced?

4-nitro and 2-nitrophenol (mostly 2)

What conditions are always seen with phenol?

RTP, as phenol is REACTIVE, the O in phenol donates electrons and causes higher electron density.

List of the tricky conditions:

150°c for hydrogenation of Alkenes 300°c 60atm for alkene to alcohol using steam Ethanol solvent to substitute a haloalkane (Can be water to make an alcohol)

Organic Chem Reactions Flashcards

(89 cards)