Organic Chemistry

Question 1

Organic Compounds

Answer 1

Originate from living matter and contain carbon

Question 2

Carbon Compounds

Answer 2

Grouped depending on the basic structure (backbone) and substitutent groups

Question 3

Alkane

Answer 3

Saturated molecules that contain only carbon and hydrogen joined with single covalent bonds

Question 4

Alkene

Answer 4

Contain one or more double bonds

Question 5

Alkynes

Answer 5

Contain one or more triple bonds

Question 6

Alkyl Side Chains

Answer 6

Smaller carbon side chains that can be attached to the parent backbone and are named according to the number of carbons

Question 7

Structural Isomer

Answer 7

Same formula but different position of side chains, functional groups or halogens on the chain

Question 8

Geometric Isomer

Answer 8

Same position of the side chains/functional groups but different 3-dimensional orientation

Question 9

Markovnikov’s Rule

Answer 9

Most commoly the hydrogen goes to the carbon with the greater number of hydrogens attached

Question 10

Halogenation

Answer 10

Addition reaction where a halogen is added

Question 11

Hydrohalogenation

Answer 11

Addition reaction where a hydrohalide is added

Question 12

Hydrogenation

Answer 12

Addition of hydrogen to saturate a chain

Question 13

Hydration

Answer 13

Addition of a water molecule to form an alcohol

Question 14

Alcohol

Answer 14

OH bonded to a saturated carbon atom

Question 15

Aldehyde

Answer 15

Have a carbonyl group (-c=o) at the start of the main carbon chain

Question 16

Reflux

Answer 16

The continuous evaporation and condensation of a volatile substance without the loss of any product

Question 17

Condensation Reactions

Answer 17

A reaction in which two or more molecules combine to form a larger molecule, with the simultaneous loss of a small molecule such as water or methanol

Question 18

Esterification

Answer 18

Two reactants form an ester as the reaction product and release water or an other small molecule

Question 19

Amine

Answer 19

Contains a basic nitrogen atom with a lone pair

Question 20

Amide

Answer 20

Contains a carbon with double bond to an oxygen and a single bond to a nitrogen

Question 21

Esters

Answer 21

Contain a carbon with a single bond to another carbon, a double bond to an oxygen and a single bond to an oxygen . The singly bound oxygen is bonded to another carbond

Question 22

Length of Carbon Backbone Chain

Answer 22

The longer the chain, the more surface area available for dispersion forces to hold the molecules together, increasing melting and boiling point

Question 23

Presence of Oxygen

Answer 23

Introduces the strongest type of intermolecular bonds, hydrogen bonds, greatly increasing melting and boiling point

Question 24

Bulky side groups

Answer 24

Cause the main chains to not pack tightly together, decreasing dispersion forces and decreasing melting and boiling point

Question 25

Polymers

Answer 25

Long chains of monomers joined together by addition reactions, can be natural or synthetic

Question 26

Condensation Polymerisation

Answer 26

A form of step-growth polymerisation in which monomers react with each other to form larger structural units while releasing smaller molecules such as water as by-products

Question 27

Addition Polymerisation

Answer 27

A form of polymerisation where unsaturated carbon molecules react with each other to form a long chain polymer molecule, the monomer units are added to the polymer by double or triple bonds

Question 28

Isotactic Polypropene

Answer 28

All of the methyl groups are on the same side, strong with a high melting point of 165°C

Question 29

Syntactic Polypropene

Answer 29

The methyl groups alternate between up and down, lower melting point of 125°C

Question 30

Atactice Polypropene

Answer 30

Random position up and down, melting point varies from 130°C to 171°C

Question 31

Monosaccharide

Answer 31

Simple sugars with the formula Cn H2n On, eg. glucose, fructose, ribose

Question 32

Disaccharide

Answer 32

Two monosaccharides joined by a condensation reaction, eg. maltose, sucrose

Question 33

Maltose

Answer 33

2 glucose molecules joined

Question 34

Sucrose

Answer 34

A glucose and fructose molecule joined

Question 35

Polysaccharides

Answer 35

Consist of long chains of glucose joined together, the physical properties vary greatly depending on type of bonding and side branching, eg. starch, cellulose

Question 36

Lipids

Answer 36

Triglycerides, a glycerol backbone and 3 attached long chain fatty acids

Question 37

Amino Acid

Answer 37

Amine bonded to a carboxyl group

Question 38

Polypeptide

Answer 38

A series of about 20 amino acids joined together with peptide bonds

Question 39

Protein

Answer 39

Several polypeptides joined together

Question 40

Protein Primary Structure

Answer 40

The order of amino acids in the polypeptide chain

Question 41

Secondary Structure

Answer 41

The polypeptide chain can form an alpha (α) helix coil or a beta (β) pleated sheet

Question 42

Tertiary Structure

Answer 42

The folding of the secondary structure to form a ball-like 3-dimensional protein, the type of amino acid side chains (R-groups) impacts greatly on this folding and dictates areas that are water soluble and fat soluble

Question 43

Non-polar Amino acids

Answer 43

Interact through dispersion forces

Question 44

Polar Neutral Amino Acids

Answer 44

Interact through hydrogen bonding

Question 45

Polar Acidic and Basic Amino Acids

Answer 45

Interact through ionic bonds

Question 46

Enzymes

Answer 46

Proteins that catalyse chemical reactions in living organisms, Their structure is essential for their function as many enzymes an active site that is specific for one substrate