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Chemistry 4th form > Organic chemistry > Flashcards

Organic chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What are 4 organic compound groups

A

Alkenes
Alkanes
Alcohols
Carboxylic acid

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2
Q

What are hydrocarbons

A

Compounds contain only carbon and hydrogen

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3
Q

Definition of homologous series

A

used to describe compounds with similar structure and properties that can also be given a general formula

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4
Q

What is a functional group

A

An atom or group of atoms in a molecule does the term and chemical properties of a compound

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5
Q

What are the first five alkanes called

A

Methane ethane propane butane pentane

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6
Q

What is the difference between alkanes and alkenes

A

Alkanes do not have a double bond

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7
Q

What is the formula for an alkane

A

N = carbons

CH2n+2

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8
Q

What does saturated mean

A

Saturated hydrocarbon is a hydrocarbon with only single bonds between the carbons

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9
Q

What does unsaturated mean

A

An unsaturated hydrocarbon is a hydrocarbon with one or more double bonds between carbon atoms

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10
Q

What are the first five alkenes

A

Ethene propene butene pentene hexene

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11
Q

Why do you not have an alkene called methene

A

Because if it only has one carbon atom it cannot have a double bond to another carbon atom so it won’t work

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12
Q

What is the general formula for alkenes

A

CH2n

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13
Q

What is crude oil

A

Is a fossil fuel that comes directly from the earths crust and is one of the most important substances in the world crude oil is a complex mixture of hundreds of compounds

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14
Q

How can you separate the compounds in crude oil

A

By fractional distillation

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15
Q

What is crude oil used for

A

Transport heating and generating electricity it can also be used to make plastics

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16
Q

How is crude oil formed

A

It is formed over millions of years is formed from the remains of many tiny sea animals and plants called plankton

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17
Q

Where is crude oil found

A

Found traps in sedimentary rocks under the sea bed oil rigs are used to obtain the oil

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18
Q

What is fractional distillation

A

Fractional distillation is a process used to separate a mixture of liquids have different boiling points when the mixture is heated liquids with a low boiling point will evaporate and turn to vapour liquid with higher boiling points remain as liquid vapour than can be separated from the liquid

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19
Q

How is crude oil separated into fractions

A

Oil is heated to about 370°C and pumped into the bottom of the tall tower called a fractionating column where it vaporisers
The column is very hot at the bottom but much cooler at the shop as the vaporised oil rises it cools and condenses heavy fractions how high boiling points and condenser near the bottom of the column lighter fractions have lower boiling points and condense further up the column

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20
Q

How old are hydrocarbons in different fractions differ from each other

A

The number of carbon and hydrogen atoms they contain
The boiling point
Ease of ignition
Viscosity

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21
Q

How does the size of the crude oil atom affect its boiling point

A

Generally the larger a hydrocarbon the higher is boiling points this is because the intermolecular forces between large molecules are stronger than the intermolecular forces between smaller molecules

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22
Q

What is the equation for combustion

A

Fuel and oxygen turns into carbon oxide and water

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23
Q

Definition of combustion

A

The scientific word for burning it is a rapid reaction between a substance and oxygen that releases heat and light

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24
Q

What is complete combustion

A

It means there is enough oxygen available for all of the carbon atoms in a fuel suborn and form carbon dioxide

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25
Q

What is used to test for carbon dioxide gas

A

Lime water if carbon dioxide gas is bubbled through limewater it goes cloudy

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26
Q

What does incomplete combustion produce

A

Carbon monoxide

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27
Q

What is incomplete combustion

A

Where there is not enough oxygen to get rid of all the carbon so it falls carbon monoxide

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28
Q

How do you know if combustion or incomplete combustion is happening

A

If complete combustion is happening the flame will be bright blue if incomplete combustion is happening it will be yellow

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29
Q

Why is carbon monoxide hard to detect

A

Because it is colourless odourless and very toxic

30
Q

How does carbon monoxide kill

A

It reduces the ability of the blood to carry oxygen by attaching itself to red blood cells instead of haemoglobin

31
Q

What is prevents CO from coming out at the back of a car

A

Catalytic converters the convert of the CO into CO2

32
Q

How was soot produced

A

What amount of oxygen available is very limited incomplete combustion can also produce carbon particulates often refer to a suit

33
Q

What gases are in the early atmosphere

A

Carbon dioxide methane water vapour and ammonia

34
Q

How much nitrogen oxygen argon in carbon outside this earth of today

A

Nitrogen – 78%
Oxygen – 21%
Argon – 0.9%
Carbon dioxide – 0.037%

35
Q

How have the levels of gases in the atmosphere changed over time

A

Volcanoes release carbon dioxide and water vapour water vapour condenses to form oceans carbon dioxide dissolves into the ocean photosynthesis by Primitive plants produce oxygen levels of carbon oxide decrease and levels of oxygen increase in the earths atmosphere

36
Q

How is carbon oxide decreased in the office atmosphere

A

Photosynthesis
Absorbed into rocks
Absorbed by the ocean

37
Q

How does heat travel from the Sun to earth

A

By radiation

38
Q

What is the greenhouse effect

A

Greenhouse gases let the suns light shine country of surface but they trap the heat reflects back up onto the atmosphere and increases the temperature of the earths atmosphere

39
Q

What are the main greenhouse gases

A

Carbon dioxide methane water vapour

40
Q

What does shortwave radiation and longwave radiation do you

A

Short wave radiation passes through the atmosphere longwave solar radiation is reflected back by the Earth some longwave radiation is absorbed in remission by greenhouse molecules in the atmosphere this warns the Earth surface and lowers the atmosphere

41
Q

Why are greenhouse gases bad for the Earth

A

The Earth is heated by the Sun
Not all the energy reaching the Earth warms up the planet 30% is reflected back into space greenhouse gases let UV light pass through the surface of the Earth cools down at night by admitting IR radiation but Greenhouse gases when dissolved I are making the bonds bend and stretch and vibrate more vigourously raising the temperature this energy is trapped in the atmosphere causing the temperature to rise

42
Q

How is methane produced

A

Through agriculture and decomposition of rubbish and landfill sites

43
Q

How is CO2 produced

A

Fossil fuels
Deforestation

44
Q

What happens when we burn fossil fuels

A

The carbon outside has been buried for hundreds of millions of years is released into the atmosphere

45
Q

Why are greenhouse gases important to life on Earth

A

Because he wouldn’t be able to grow crops at a temperature of -19 which is what it would be without them

46
Q

What are some affects of climate change

A

Polar ice caps melting sea levels rising
Extinction of species living in cold climates
Changes of rainfall
Changes in species distribution

47
Q

What can changing weather patterns all over the world resultant

A

Rising sea levels
Increase in frequent extreme weather events
Changes in rainfall
Changes in disruption wildlife

48
Q

What is carbon capture

A

Pump CO2 underground into oil reservoir and lock it in with concrete

49
Q

Definition of carbon capture

A

Take in carbon dioxide from an industrial process and depositing it into underground rocks to prevent a entering the atmosphere

50
Q

Definition of carbon footprint

A

The total amount of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases produced over the full life-cycle of a product service or event

51
Q

Definition of carbon neutral

A

Any process that has no overall release of carbon oxide by balancing the amount of carbon dioxide released with the amount taken in

52
Q

What is the definition of carbon offsetting

A

Carrying out activities that will increase the natural rate of removal of CO2 from the atmosphere such as reforestation and treeplanting

53
Q

How is acid rain made

A

Sulphur and nitrogen impurities in fossil fuels
Sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides released when burned
Dissolves in water vapour of clouds to form sulphurous and nitrous acids
Falls is acid rain less than pH 5.5

54
Q

What produces sulphur dioxide

A

Call contain sulphur therefore the burning of coal and oxygen produces sulphur dioxide. This leads to acid rain

55
Q

What produces nitrogen

A

Nitrogen oxides formed due to the reaction between nitrogen and oxygen in the air one on the hyper temperatures this often happens in car engines due to the heat from combustion of petrol this can lead to acid rain in global dimming

56
Q

How is carbon monoxide formed

A

Carbon monoxide forms when there is not enough oxygen available for a fuel burning instead of forming carbon dioxide and water carbon deposits and carbon monoxide are formed this can lead to carbon monoxide poisoning

57
Q

How can you reduce sulphur dioxide

A

To reduce the amount of sulphur dioxide produced from combustion of fossil fuels we can react sulphur Darkside with powdered limestone to form calcium sulphate this can be used to make plasterboard for lining interior walls

58
Q

How can you reduce nitrogen oxide

A

To reduce levels of nitrogen oxides released from cars and catalytic converter can be fitted which reduces nitrogen oxides to nitrogen

59
Q

How can CO be reduced

A

To reduce levels of carbon monoxide a catalytic converter can be fitted which oxidise is carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide

60
Q

What is catalytic cracking an example of

A

Thermal decomposition reaction

61
Q

What is catalytic cracking

A

Long chain hydrocarbon molecules can be broken down into smaller more useful molecules using a catalyst

62
Q

What conditions are required for catalytic cracking

A

High temperatures E.g 500°C
A catalyst aluminium oxide

63
Q

What happens during cracking

A

During cracking the molecules break apart forming smaller alkanes and alkenes alkenes are unreactive molecules that are used to make plastics and other chemicals

64
Q

What are the products of catalytic cracking

A

Smaller alkanes and alkenes

65
Q

How do you distinguish between saturated and unsaturated compounds

A

Add orange bromine water in the presence of unsaturated compound to orange colour disappears

66
Q

How do you test for alkenes

A

Add bromine water to the Alkim and it should go colourless if it is an Alkene

67
Q

Definition of polymers

A

Very large molecules made one hundreds of monomers join together to form long chains

68
Q

Definition of monomers

A

Small identical molecules to form long chains

69
Q

What is addition polymerisation

A

It is a reaction where lots of alkene molecules join together to form a long chain polymer

70
Q

What are the monomers and polymers join together bye

A

Covalent bonds

71
Q

How can you show polymers in a shorthand formula

A

Draw one repeat of the polymer and put brackets around it and put n at the bottom right to show how many more it needs One bracket is a repeating unit

72
Q

What are the properties of polymers

A

The atoms in a polymer chain are linked together by strong covalent bonds the forces between polymer molecules are weaker polymer chains can move over each other so the polymer can be stretched

Chemistry 4th form (6 decks)

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