Organic Chemistry Flashcards
Green Chemistry Principles
The Green Chemistry approach strives to achieve sustainability at the molecular level.
Homologous series
A series of organic compounds that have a similar chemical structure and chemical properties
Organic compounds
Compounds consisting of carbon atoms most commonly covalently bonded to hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphorus or oxygen atoms
Functional group
Specific groups of atoms within a compound that affect the properties of the compound.
Alkane General Formula
CnH2n+2
Alkene General Formula
CnH2n
Haloalkane General Formula
CnH2n+1 X
Isomers
Are organic molecules having the same molecular formula but a different structural formula.
Fractional Distillation
Fractional distillation separates a mixture into a number of different parts, calledfractions.
A tall fractionating column is fitted above the mixture.
The column is hot at the bottom and cool at the top.
Why do the longer hydrocarbon chains take more heat energy to change state from solid to liquid or liquid to gas?
The longer the chain, the more intermolecular forces there are between the molecules, and require more energy to break.
Viscosity
Viscosityis a measure of a fluid’s resistance to flow.
When the hydrocarbon goes through a state change of liquid to gas, which bonds are broke?
Weak intermolecular forces are broken when the hydrocarbon reaches its boiling point and transitions from liquid to a gas. The covalent bonds between the atoms do not beak. This would required a higher amount of energy.
Difference in boiling point of small and larger hydrocarbons
Smaller the molecule the lower the boiling point because there are lesson intermolecular forces between the molecules.
And therefore, less energy required to break them.
Cracking
Large hydrocarbon molecules can be broken down into smaller molecules using a catalyst.
This is called cracking, and is an example of a thermal decomposition reaction.
Cracking Method
The hydrocarbon molecules are heated until they turn into vapour, and then mixed with a catalyst.
Substitution reaction (with drawn example)
Oneatomis swapped with another atom.
Alkanesundergo asubstitution reactionwithhalogensin the presence of light.
Addition reaction (with halides, including conditions)
Double bond breaks and addition atoms are added.
Bromine water test (including equation, including conditions)
(type of addition reaction). A test to determine whether a solution contains alkanes or alkenes.
There is no change when bromine water is mixed with an alkane.
The bromine water goes from brown to colourless when it is mixed with an alkene.
