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Chemistry > Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Homologous series

A

Same general formula
Similar chemical properties
Gradation in their physical properties
Differ by a CH2 unit

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2
Q

What is a hydrocarbon

A

A compound/molecule consisting of hydrogen and carbon only

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3
Q

Alkanes

A

General formula: CnH2n+2, at room temperature and pressure; all colourless gasses (meth/eth/propl/but - ane)

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4
Q

Functional group

A

Reactive group in a molecule

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5
Q

Complete Combustion (Alkanes)

A

Products: Carbon dioxide + Water + Heat. Test: For CO2, bubble combustion products through colourless lime water- becomes milky white -CO2 present, for H2O condense the vapour by cooling- add white anhydrous copper(II) sulfate - becomes blue (H2O present)

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6
Q

Incomplete Combustion for alkanes

A

(Limited oxygen)Products: Carbon Monoxide + water

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7
Q

Problems Carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, soot, sulfur dioxide (leading to acid rain)

A

Carbon dioxide: Greenhouse gas- absorbs IR given off by the earth - causes earths surface to warm- sea level rises, flooding, climate change
Carbon monoxide: Toxic gas (as combines with haemoglobin in the blood- reducing capacity to carry oxygen)
Soot: Carbon particles pollute the air- causes lung damage and respiratory problems
Sulfur dioxide: Acid rain- damages buildings ( especially limestone ones), damages vegetation, kills fish in lakes and rivers

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8
Q

Alkenes

A

General formula: CnH2n
Functional group: Carbon- Carbon double bond (C=C)
At room temp and pressure all colourless gases (eth/prop/but-1/but-2 ene)

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9
Q

Complete combustion of Alkenes

A

Products- Carbon dioxide + Water ( burns with an orange flame)

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10
Q

Incomplete combustion of Alkenes

A

(Limited oxygen) Products- carbon monoxide + water (sometimes soot, but don’t put in equation)

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11
Q

Unsaturated

A

The molecule contains one or more carbon-carbon double bonds

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12
Q

Addition reaction

A

Two molecules react to form one product

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13
Q

Addition reaction of Alkenes with bromine

A

Bromine adds across the double bond
Condition: room temp
This reaction is to test for the presence of a C=C bond- If organic substance is a liquid- shake with bromine water. If a gas- bubble the gas into bromine water
Orange bromine water changes to colourless in presence of a C=C bond

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14
Q

Addition reaction with Alkenes and hydrogen

A

Hydrogen adds across the C=C double bond
Conditions: Temperature 150 degrees Celsius, catalyst of nickel
Reaction called hydrogenation

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15
Q

Addition reactions of Alkenes with steam

A

Called hydration as water is being added across the C=C double bond
Conditions: Catalyst and high temperatures

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16
Q

What is a Polymer

A

Is a long chain molecule made from joining small molecules together

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17
Q

What is a monomer

A

A small molecule that combines with other monomers to make a polymer

18
Q

What is Addition polymerisation

A

The process of joining monomer molecules together to form a long chain molecule

19
Q

Chemical equation to form poly(ethene) from ethene monomers

A

H. H. —H. H —
|. |. | |. | |
n C = C. —————> -— |- C. C -|—-
|. |. |. |. |. |
H. H. —H. H—. n

20
Q

Definition of a biodegradable material

A

A biodegradable material is one which is not decomposed by natural bacteria in the environment

21
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of Landfill and Incineration

A

Landfill- Advantages- cheap(waste transported to a local site/ not much money for transport).
Disadvantages- wastes land(used for building and agriculture) -eyesores causes visual pollution
Incineration- Advantages- Heat energy produced during incineration- can be used to generate electricity.
Disadvantages- polluting gases released(CO2- can cause global warming) - High costs to buy an incinerator

22
Q

Alcohols

A

General formula: CnH2n+1OH
Functional group- hydroxyl group(-OH)
At room temp and pressure- all colourless liquids (methanol/ethanol/propan-1-ol /propan-2-ol)

23
Q

Complete combustion of alcohols

A

Products- Carbon dioxide and water
Clean(non smoky) blue fame with an orange tip

24
Q

Incomplete combustion of alcohols

A

Limited oxygen products- carbon monoxide and water (and soot)

25
Q

Oxidation of alcohols by air

A

*Propan -2-ol can be oxidised but a carboxylic acid is not formed but methanol, ethanol, and propan -1-ol can be oxidised by air to form carboxylic acids

26
Q

Oxidation of alcohols by acidified potassium dichromate

A

This is an oxidising agent which oxidises some alcohols(methanol, ethanol, propan -1-ol) to carboxylic acids, on warming.
Observations: Acidified potassium dichromate solution changes from orange to green
Condition: warm in a water bath
Propan -2-ol is the same but a carboxylic acid is not formed

27
Q

Fermentation and the conditions

A

The breakdown of sugars to produce ethanol and carbon dioxide
Conditions - sugars are dissolved in solution
- in the presence of yeast
- at a warm temperature (not above 37 degrees Celsius)
- in the absence of air

28
Q

Carboxylic Acid

A

Functional group: carboxyl (-COOH)
At room temp and pressure all colorless liquids(meth/eth/prop/but anoic acid)

29
Q

Salts of carboxylic acid

A

These are weak acids
They react with bases, metals and carbonates
Methanoate HCOO-
Ethanoate CH3COO-
Propanoate C2H5COO-
Butanoate C3H7COO-

30
Q

Reactions of carboxylic acids with carbonates

A

Equation: Carbonate + acid —> salt + water + carbon dioxide
Test: As releases carbon dioxide turns colourless limewater to milky

31
Q

Reactions of carboxylic acids with metals

A

Equation: Metal + acid —> salt + hydrogen
Test: gives a pop when tested with a lighted splint

32
Q

Reactions of carboxylic acids with bases

A

Equation: Base + acid —> salt + water

33
Q

Crude oil (petroleum)

A

A mixture containing mainly alkane hydrocarbons

34
Q

Petrochemicals

A

Chemicals made from petroleum and natural gas

35
Q

Finite resource

A

A resource that once used, cannot be replaced in a human lifetime

36
Q

Is searlait a bitch

A

Yes

37
Q

Fraction

A

A mixture of molecules with similar boiling points

38
Q

4 steps in fractional distillation

A
  • crude oil is heated and vaporised
  • the vaporised crude oil enters a fractionating tower which is hotter at the bottom and cooler at the top
  • the hydrocarbons cool as they rise up the tower and condense at different heights because they have different boiling points
  • hydrocarbons with large molecules are collected near the bottom of the tower while those with small molecules are collectedd at the top
39
Q

All different fractions and there uses

A
  • Refinery gas for bottled gases
  • Petrol used as a fuel for cars
  • Naptha for manufacture of chemicals and plastics
  • Kerosene as a fuel for aircraft
  • Diesel as a fuel for cars and trains
  • Fuel oils used for fuels for ships
  • Bitumen used to surface roads and roofs
40
Q

Cracking

A

The breakdown of larger saturated hydrocarbons (alkanes) into smaller more useful ones, some of which are unsaturated (alkenes)
Carried out be heating, it is a thermal decomposition reaction because alkanes are broken down into smaller molecules using heat

Chemistry (6 decks)

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