Organic Chemistry Flashcards
(97 cards)
1
Q
What is organic chemistry
A
the study of compounds with C-H bonds
2
Q
Why can carbon form many compounds? (3)
A
- a carbon can form bonds with other carbon atoms to make chains and rings
- a carbon atom can form a single or double bond to other carbons
- a carbon atom can bond with other atoms (eg. hydrogen)
3
Q
How many bonds can carbon form?
A
4 covalent bonds
4
Q
What is a homologous series?
A
Where all the carbon compounds have the same general formula
5
Q
How many carbon atoms are in the prefix “meth”?
A
1
6
Q
How many carbon atoms are in the prefix “eth”?
A
2
7
Q
How many carbon atoms are in the prefix “prop”?
A
3
8
Q
How many carbon atoms are in the prefix “but”?
A
4
9
Q
What is the suffix for alkanes?
A
ane
10
Q
What is the suffix for alkenes?
A
ene
11
Q
What is the suffix for alcohols?
A
anol
12
Q
What is the suffix for carboxylic acids?
A
Anoic acid
13
Q
What are hydrocarbons?
A
A molecule only consisting of carbon and hydrogen
14
Q
What is a functional group?
A
A reactive group in a molecule
15
Q
Do alkanes have functional groups?
A
No
16
Q
What is combustion?
A
The reaction of fuels with oxygen, forming oxides and releasing thermal energy
17
Q
What are alkanes?
A
Saturated hydrocarbons
18
Q
Under what conditions does complete combustion occur?
What colour is the flame?
A
if there is a plentiful supply of oxygen in the air.
an orange flame is produced, and more carbon means a more orange flame
19
Q
Under what conditions does incomplete combustion occur?
What does it form
A
If there is a limited supply of oxygen
It produces carbon monoxide and water (and possibly soot)
20
Q
What is formed by the complete combustion of hydrocarbons?
A
Carbon dioxide and water vapour
21
Q
How does carbon dioxide affect the environment?
A
Contributes to green house effect
Leading to:
- rise in sea level
- flooding
- climate change
22
Q
What is formed by incomplete combustion of fuels
A
Carbon monoxide, water and sometimes soot
23
Q
What is the impact of carbon monoxide?
A
binds to haemoglobin in the blood, reducing its capacity to carry oxygen
(Toxic gas)
24
Q
How is soot formed?
A
Incomplete combustion of fuels
25
What is the **impact of soot**?
**Pollutes** the **air** and **causes lung damage** and **respiratory problems**
26
Give a **balanced symbol equation** for the **combustion of sulphur**
S2 + 2O2 —> 2SO2
27
Give a **balanced symbol equation** for the reactions which result in **acid rain**
- S2 + 2O2 —> 2SO2
- SO2 + H2O —> H2SO3
28
What is the **effect** of **acid rain**? (**3**)
- Damage buildings (especially limestone buildings),
- damage vegetation
- kill fish.
29
How can you **prevent acid rain**? (**2**)
- By **removing sulphur impurity** *from coal*
- or passing it **through an alkali**
30
What is the **general formula** for **Alkenes**
CnH2n
31
Do **Alkenes** have a **functional group**?
Yes, they have a **double carbon bond**
32
What is an **addition reaction**?
Where **two molecules** react to form **one product**
33
What is a **polymer**?
A **long chain molecule** made *from* **joining small molecules** together
34
What are **monomers**?
A **small molecule** that *combines with other monomers* to **make a polymer**
35
What is **addition polymerisation**? (**2**)
- The process of **joining monomer molecules** together
- to **form a long chain molecule**
36
what is a **non-biodegradable material**?
When a material **can’t be decomposed** by **natural bacteria**
37
What **two methods** are used to **dispose** of **polymers**?
- landfill
- incineration
38
What is the **general formula** for **alcohols**?
CnH2n+1OH
39
What is the **functional group** for **alcohols**?
Hydroxyl group (-OH)
40
What is the **colour and state** of **all alcohols**?
Colourless liquid
41
What is the **result** of **complete combustion** of **alcohols**?
- carbon dioxide and water
- **clean blue** *flame* with an **orange tip**
42
What is the **result** of **incomplete combustion** of **alcohols**?
- carbon monoxide, soot and water
- Smokey blue flame **with orange tip**
43
What is the **product** of **oxidation of ethanol**
Ethanoic acid (acid in vinegar)
44
What is the **general product** of **oxidation of propan-1-ol, methanol and ethanol**
What is **different** about the product for **propan-2-ol**?
- Carboxylic acids
- not in the case of propan-2-ol
45
Name the **reagent** used to **convert propan-1-ol** to **propanoic acid**
What **colour change** is observed?
What **type of reaction** is this?
- **warm acidified** potassium dichromate
- orange to green
- oxidation
46
What is **fermentation**?
The **breakdown of sugars** to produce **ethanol** and **carbon dioxide**
47
What are the **conditions** required for **fermentation**? (**4**)
- sugars dissolved in solution
- in the presence of yeast
- at a warm temp (not above 37º)
- in the absence of air (anaerobic)
48
**How** are **higher concentrations** of **ethanol** produced?
Fractional distillation
49
**How long** does **fermentation** take?
Several days
50
What **concentration** is **produced** by **fermentation**?
12-15%
51
**Other than fermentation**, how else can you **produce ethanol**?
Reacting **ethene** with **steam**
52
What is the **functional group** for **carboxylic acids**?
Carboxyl (-COOH)
53
Why are **carboxylic acids** *not* **hydrocarbons**?
**They contain oxygen**, not just hydrogen and carbon
54
What is the **colour and state** of **all carboxylic acids**?
Colourless liquid
55
Give the **word equation** for the **reaction** used to **test for carboxylic acids**
Carbonate + acid —> salt + water + carbon dioxide
56
What is the **molecular formula** of **methane**
CH4
57
What is the **molecular formula** of **ethane**
C2H6
58
What is the **molecular formula** of **propane**
C3H8
59
What is the **molecular formula** of **butane**
C4H10
60
What is the **colour and state** of **alkanes** at *room pressure and temperature*
Colourless gas
61
What is the **molecular formula** of **ethene**
C2H4
62
What is the **molecular formula** of **propene**
C3H6
63
What is the **molecular formula** of **but-1-ene**
C4H8
64
What is the **molecular formula** of **but-2-ene**
C4H8
65
What is the **colour and state** of **alkenes** at *room pressure and temperature*
Colourless gas
66
What is the **molecular formula** of **methanol**
CH3OH
67
What is the **molecular formula** of **ethanol**
C2H5OH
68
What is the **molecular formula** of **propan-1-ol**
C3H7OH
69
What is the **molecular formula** of **propan-2-ol**
C3H7OH
70
What is the **viscosity** of a substance?
a measure of a *fluid*'s **resistance to flow**
71
What is the **observation** when an **Alkene** *reacts with* **bromine**?
When is this reaction used?
- **yellow-orange** liquid turns **colourless**
- to test for a **double carbon bond** in an alkene
72
What is the **product** formed in a **reaction** between an **alkene** and **hydrogen**?
An alkane
73
What is the **catalyst** for the **addition reaction** between **ethene** and **hydrogen**?
What **condition** is required for this reaction?
- Finely divided nickel
- 150°C
74
What is the **product** of the **addition reaction** between an **alkene and steam**?
An alcohol
75
What does **saturated** mean in *organic chemistry*?
Where all **carbon-carbon covalent bonds** are **single**
76
What does **unsaturated** mean in *organic chemistry*?
When a *molecule contains* **one or more carbon-carbon double bonds**
77
What is an **addition reaction**?
A reaction where **2 molecules** *react* to **form 1 product**
78
What is a **hydration reaction**?
When **water** is **added across** a **C=C double bond**
79
What **other name** is given to the **addition reaction** between **alkenes and hydrogen**?
What does this mean?
- Hydrogenation
- hydrogen is added across the C=C double bond
80
What is the **catalyst** for the **addition reaction** between **ethene** and **water**?
What **condition** is required for this reaction?
- **concentrated phosphoric acid**
- high temp (steam)
81
What is the **name** is given to **molecules like but-1-ene and but-2-ene**?
**How** do they **differ**?
- isomers
- differ by position of their functional group e.g C=C double bond in moleule (but-1-ene or 2) or OH (propan-1-ol or 2)
82
What is the **molecular formula** of **methanoic acid**?
HCOOH
83
What is the **molecular formula** of **ethanoic acid**?
CH3COOH
84
What is the **molecular formula** of **propanoic acid**?
C2H5COOH
85
What is the **molecular formula** of **butanoic acid**?
C3H7COOH
86
**Why** does **melting and boiling point increase** *as* the **size of the molecule increases** in *each **homologous** group*?
More van der walls forces - more energy required to overcome the forces
87
What are the **properties** of a **homologous series**? (**4**)
- same general formula
- differ by a **CH2** unit
- gradation in physical properties
- **similar chemical properties**
88
Which **homologous group** *doesn’t have* a **functional group**?
Alkanes
89
What are the **physical properties** *affected* by **size** of chains in homologous series? (**3**)
**bigger the chains**:
- greater viscosity
- darker colour
- higher m.p. And b.p.
90
How is **crude oil separated**?
Explain
(**3**)
- Fractional distillation
- crude oil is **heated and vapourised**
- **separated in terms of b.p.** (higher b.p., lower fraction)
91
What are the **fractions** of **crude oil**
and
what are their **uses**?
(**6**)
- **refinery gases** - bottled gases
- **petrol** - fuel for cars
- **naptha** - manufacture of chemicals and plastics
- **kerosine** - fuel for aircrafts
- **diesel** - fuel for cars and trains
- **bitumen** - surface roads and roofs
92
What is cracking? (**2**)
- the breakdown of **larger saturated hydrocarbons** (alkanes)
- into **smaller more useful ones**, *some of which are* **unsaturated** (alkenes)
93
Describe the appearance of **sulphur**
What **colour** is the **flame** when sulphur burns in air?
- Yellow solid
- blue
94
What **colour** is **bromine water**?
Yellow-orange
95
Name the **alkene** from which **PVC** is formed
Chloroethene / vinyl chloride
96
Give a *balanced symbol equation* for the reaction between **ethene and bromine**
C2H4 + Br2 —> C2H4Br2
97
How do you produce a **carboxylic acid** from an **alcohol**?
What is released?
- React it with oxygen (**oxidation**)
- Hydrogen gas
