Organic Chemistry

Question 1

What is organic chemistry all based on

Answer 1

Carbon

Question 2

What can carbon compounds can be grouped into

Answer 2

Homologous series

Question 3

Compounds in the homologous series have:

Answer 3

• same general formula
• similar chemical reactions
• trend in physical properties
• same functional group

Question 4

Alkane

Answer 4

C-C
- ane

Question 5

Allene

Answer 5

C = C
- ene

Question 6

Alcohol

Answer 6

• OH
  -ol

Question 7

Amine

Answer 7

NH2
-amine

Question 8

Carboxylic acid

Answer 8

COOH
- oic acid

Question 9

Aldehyde

Answer 9

CHO
-al

Question 10

Ketone

Answer 10

-C=O
-one

Question 11

Esters

Answer 11

-COO
-yl -oate

Question 12

Halogenoalkane

Answer 12

C-X (x could be F, I, Cl)
fluoro -
Chloro -
Bromo -
Iodo -

Question 13

Nitrile

Answer 13

• C=N (triple)
  -nitrite

Question 14

What is an isomerism

Answer 14

Molecules can have the same molecular formula but different arrangements in space (I.e. different structural formulae)

Question 15

What are Positional isomers

Answer 15

The position of the functional group is changed

Question 16

What are functional group isomers

Answer 16

Change the functional group

Question 17

Which functional groups are group isomers

Answer 17

Aldehyde - Ketones
Alkene - Cycloalkanes

Question 18

What are alkanes

Answer 18

Are the homologous series with the general formual CnH2n+2
They are saturated hydrocarbons

Question 19

Alkanes boiling point

Answer 19

Relatively low due to weak van dear walls forces between molecules (C-H bonds aren’t considered as polar so there are no dipole- dipole/ hydrogen bonds). The larger the Mr the more van dear wasp, therefore the boiling point increases

Question 20

Chains effect on boiling points

Answer 20

The more branches you have the lower the boiling point is. Due to less/weaker van dear wall forces between molecules

Question 21

What are alkanes generally used for

Answer 21

Typically used as fuels. This involves combustion reactions with oxygen

Question 22

Complete combustion word equation and formula

Answer 22

Hydrocarbon + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water
CnH2n+2 + 3n+1/2 O2 -> nCO2 + (n+1) H2O

Question 23

What happens if there is insufficient oxygen present

Answer 23

Incomplete combustion. This can from
CO -> Carbon monoxide , toxic colourless gas
C -> carbon , black solid

Question 24

Environment
Carbon dioxide effect

Answer 24

A particulate that results in global warming

Question 25

Environment Carbon effect

Answer 25

A particulate it can results in breathing issues and global dimming

Question 26

Environment Nitrogen oxides effect

Answer 26

E.g. NO, NO2, N2O4 etc Theses are formed when N2 in the air reacts with O2 in the air and in the engine at very high temperature

Question 27

Environment Sulfur dioxide effect

Answer 27

Causes acid rain SO2 + H2O + 1/2O2 -> H2SO4 This affects rivers, trees and buildings

Question 28

Process of fractional distillation

Answer 28

1) heat petroleum to a gas, around 400 degrees 2) put the gas in a fractionating column 3) vapours of hydrocarbons with very high obinlgi points will condes into a liquid lower down the column 4) vapours of hydrocarbons with lower boiling points will condense higher at the top of the column 5)the separated fractions are removed

Question 29

Why is cracking used

Answer 29

It takes longer, less useful alkanes and breaks them into shorter more useful hydrocarbons. It will always produce a mixture of alkanes and alkenes

Question 30

Why is cracking used

Answer 30

It takes longer, less useful alkanes and breaks them into shorter more useful hydrocarbons

Question 31

Thermal cracking

Answer 31

Uses very high temperatures and high pressure It produces a lot of small alkanes and alkenes

Question 32

Catalytic cracking

Answer 32

High temperature and a catalyst, zeolite crystal This can form a lot of aromatic compounds such as Benzene

Question 33

What is the test for alkenes?

Answer 33

Add bromine water, Br2 The could changes form orange to colourless

Question 34

What is the free radical solution

Answer 34

Alkanes can be made into halogenalkanes through this process

Question 35

What are the three steps within free radical substitution

Answer 35

1 - initiation 2 - propagation 3 - termination

Question 36

What is ozone

Answer 36

Ozone, O3 forms a layer in our atom sop here. The ozone layer was becoming depleted due to CFC ( chlorofluorocarbon)

Question 37

What happened when CFC were being emitted into the atmosphere

Answer 37

They can catalyse for the decomposition of ozone into oxygen

Question 38

What alternatives do we use instead of CFC

Answer 38

Nowadays we use hydrofluorcarbons as they do not generate Cl. radicals. They are used in cool and refrigerants and propellents.

Question 39

Why is the ozone being depleted

Answer 39

CFCs absorb UV radiation, breaking down the carbon halogen bond to form free radicals that can catalyse ozone depletion

Question 40

what is a catalytic converter

Answer 40

are equipped to modern cars to reduce harmful emissions small amounts of Pd\Pt\Ir on a honeycomb support, high surface area so little metal required

Question 41

what does a catalyst do?

Answer 41

lowers the activation energy of a reaction by providing an alternate pathway