Organic Chemistry

Question 1

Alkanes

Answer 1

Alkanes are hydrocarbons in which the carbon atoms are held together by single bonds. Their general formula is CnH2n+2 for molecules that do not contain ring structures. No functional groups ex. ethane

Question 2

Alkenes

Answer 2

General formula: CnH2n. These compounds have pie bonds and contain double bonds. The compound will end with the compound “ene”. Ex. 2-butene. 2 double bonds = diene 3 double bonds = triene.

Question 2

Alkynes

Answer 2

Generic formula CnH2n-2. Contains a triple bond. and in “yne”

Question 3

Alkyl halides (haloalkanes)

Answer 3

Substitutes: F fluoro, Br bromo cl chloro I iodo. Ex. CHCL3 chloroform, CCl4 carbon tetrachloride, CH3CHBr2 1,1-dibromoethane, 1,4-dichloro-3-methylpentane, 4-iodo-2,2-dimethylpentane

Question 4

Ethers

Answer 4

Derived from water in which both hydrogens are replaced by organic substituents. CH3O- methoxy, CH3CH2O-ethoxyCH3OCH3 dimethyl ether.

Question 5

Alcohols

Answer 5

Derivatives of water where one hydrogen is replaced by an organic substituent. Methanol (CH3OH). 1. Start naming the alcohol where the OH is. 2 ending is anol “alkanol”.

Question 6

Amines

Answer 6

Derived from ammonia (NH3) in which one, two, or three hydrogen atoms have been replaced by an organic group or all different and they can be alkyl (R) or aromatic (Ar), benzene rings. The ending is alkane -> anamine. Uses the prefix “amino” 2-aminopropanoic acid. For amines, if the substituent is attached to the “N” it is used to indicate the location. N-N-dimethylethanamine.

Question 7

Aldehydes

Answer 7

Contain a corbonyl group -c=O. EX formaldehyde (CH2O). End in anal. alkane -> alkanal. Number the carbon chain containing the carbonyl carbon starting at the carbonyl carbon

Question 8

Ketones

Answer 8

Contain the carbonyl group -C=O. Most common ketone (acetone). Group ending in anyone, alkane -> alkanone. Carbon chain is numbered from the end nearest the carbonyl group.

Question 9

Cycloalkanes

Answer 9

Same as alkanes but no number is needed for the position of where the shape is. The cyclic structure can be treated as a functional group, with the prefix of “cycloalkyl” ex. cyclopropyl”.

Question 10

Aromatic

Answer 10

Hexagon, benzene. 2 substitutes on the ring, number them so they are the lowest possible numbers. 2 substitutes on the ring are labeled as ortho (o), meta (m), and para (p). EX. P-dichlorobenzene. If a benzene ring is a functional group, it takes the prefix “phenyl”. Ex. o-chlorophenol.

Question 11

Carboxylic acids

Answer 11

The carboxylic acids and derivatives contain the acyl group, which cannot be H or carbon. The group ending is alkane -> alkanoic

Question 12

Geometric (cis-trans) isomers

Answer 12

When carbon atoms are attached by a single sigma bond or if there is a free rotation of the groups around this sigma bond.

Question 13

Chiral

Answer 13

optically active compounds that have the ability to interact (rotate on plane) with the plane polarized light.

Question 14

London Dispersion Forces

Answer 14

• small differences in electronegativity
• Very small dipoles
• essentially non-polar bonds
• Just C and H present

Question 15

Dipole-dipole

Answer 15

• larger difference in electronegativity causes the bonds to be more polar

Question 16

Hydrogen Bonding

Answer 16

• very large difference in electronegativity which is achieved by having a hydrogen attached to something other than carbon
• two unshared electrons must be attached to the “heteroatom”
• very strong intermolecular forces

Question 17

electrophilic

Answer 17

• a positive species (often H+) that wants to go to a site that has available electrons and wants to accept an electron pair. The site is often a pie bond

Question 18

Nucleophilic agents

Answer 18

• a negative species such as -OH, Br-, CN- or a neutral species whoch has a free pair of electrons (lewis base)

Question 19

Free radicals

Answer 19

a neutral species such as cl or H-O

Question 20

Reaction Intermediates

Answer 20

3º H > 2º H > 1º H

Question 21

Hydrocarbons

Answer 21

Split into two types. aliphatic and aromatic. Aliphatic compounds are organic molecules that do not contain any carbon-carbon double or triple bonds. They can be linear, branched, or cyclic compounds. Aromatic compounds are cyclic molecules that contain alternating single and double bonds.