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Chemistry > Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What is an organic compound?

A

Something that contains carbon atoms

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2
Q

How did crude oil form?

A

From the remains of dead animals and plants millions of years ago

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3
Q

What is crude oil a mixture of?

A

Hydrocarbons

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4
Q

What is a hydrocarbon?

A

Molecules made up of hydrogen and carbon atoms only

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5
Q

What is an alkane?

A

A saturated hydrocarbon

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6
Q

What is the general formula for an alkane?

A

CnH2n+2

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7
Q

What is a saturated hydrocarbon?

A

Contains only single covalent bonds between atoms

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8
Q

What is displayed formula?

A

Represents the covalent bonds present in a molecule as it lines

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9
Q

How do we name alkanes?

A

Look at the carbon chain length, apply the right prefix and add ‘ane’ on the end

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10
Q

What is the prefix for one carbon?

A

Meth-

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11
Q

What is the prefix for two carbons?

A

Eth-

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12
Q

What is the prefix for three carbons?

A

Prop-

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13
Q

What is the prefix for four carbons?

A

But-

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14
Q

How are the hydrocarbons in crude oil separated?

A

Fractional distillation

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15
Q

What is a fractional distillation ‘fraction’

A

Contains molecules with a similar number of carbon atoms

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16
Q

Describe temperature changes in the fractional distillation column

A

Hotter at the bottom, colder at the top

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17
Q

Why do the different fractions condense at different temperatures?

A

Different chain lengths have different boiling points

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18
Q

What are the two physical changes involved in fractional distillation?

A

Evaporation and condensation

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19
Q

What can crude oil fractions be used for?

A

Fuels as a raw material for the petrochemical industry

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20
Q

What different fuels come from crude oil?

A

Petrol, diesel, kerosene, heavy fuel oil, petroleum gases

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21
Q

What substances are made from crude oil, other than fuels?

A

Solvents, lubricants, polymers, detergents

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22
Q

What properties are affected by hydrocarbon chain length?

A

Boiling point, viscosity, flammability

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23
Q

How does hydrocarbon chain length affect boiling point?

A

The longer the chain, the higher the boiling point

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24
Q

What is flammability?

A

How easily a substance ignites or burns

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25
Q

How does hydrocarbon chain length affect the flammability?

A

The longer the chain, the less flammable it is

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26
Q

What is viscosity?

A

How thick a liquid is

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27
Q

How does hydrocarbon chain length affect viscosity?

A

The longer the chain length, the more vicious it is

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28
Q

Why do we burn hydrocarbon fuels?

A

To release energy

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29
Q

What type of reaction is combustion?

A

Oxidation

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30
Q

What are the two products when a hydrocarbon undergoes complete combustion?

A

Carbon dioxide, water

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31
Q

What is cracking?

A

Breaking down large hydrocarbons to smaller, more useful molecules

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32
Q

Why are smaller hydrocarbons more useful than larger molecules?

A

Make better fuels

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33
Q

What are the two types of cracking?

A

Catalytic cracking, steam cracking

34
Q

What conditions are needed for catalytic cracking?

A

Vapour passed over a hot catalyst at high temperature

35
Q

What conditions are needed for steam cracking?

A

Mix vapours with steam at high temperature

36
Q

What are the products of cracking?

A

Alkane(s) and alkene(s)

37
Q

What is an alkene?

A

An unsaturated hydrocarbon with a carbon-carbon double bond

38
Q

What is the test for an alkene?

A

Turns bromine water from orange to colourless

39
Q

What are alkenes used for?

A

Producing polymers and other chemicals

40
Q

How do we name alkenes?

A

Look at the carbon chain length, apply the right prefix and add ‘ene’ on the end

41
Q

What does the functional group on a molecule determine?

A

How it reacts

42
Q

What functional group do alkenes contain?

A

Carbon-carbon double bond

43
Q

What is a homogolous series?

A

A series of compounds with the same functional group

44
Q

What causes incomplete combustion?

A

A lack of oxygen

45
Q

What are the products of incomplete combustion?

A

Carbon monoxide, soot, water

46
Q

What is an addition reaction?

A

A reaction hat adds a molecule across the carbon-carbon double bond

47
Q

What conditions are needed for the addition of hydrogen to alkenes?

A

A heated catalyst of nickel at 300 degrees Celsius

48
Q

What is produced when an alkene reacts with hydrogen?

A

A saturated hydrocarbon

49
Q

What conditions are needed for the addition of water to alkenes?

A

React with steam passed over a catalyst of hot phosphoric acid

50
Q

What is the product when an alkene reacts with water?

A

Ethanol

51
Q

What functional group do alcohols contain?

A

-OH

52
Q

What are the main uses of alcohol?

A

Fuels and solvent, making alcoholic drinks and bread

53
Q

How do we name alcohols?

A

Look at the carbon chain length and apply the right prefix and add ‘anol’ on the end

54
Q

What are two ways alcohols can be produced?

A

Fermentation and hydration of ethene

55
Q

What conditions are needed for the fermentation of sugar?

A

Add sugar to yeast at 25-40 degrees Celsius in anaerobic conditions

56
Q

What are the products of the fermentation of glucose?

A

Ethanol and carbon dioxide

57
Q

What is produced when an alcohol reacts with oxygen?

A

Carbon dioxide and water

58
Q

What gas is produced when an alcohol reacts with sodium?

A

Hydrogen

59
Q

What is formed when alcohols react with an oxidising agent?

A

A carboxylic acid and water

60
Q

What is formed when alcohol is dissolved in water?

A

A neutral solution

61
Q

What functional group do carboxylic acids contain?

A

-COOH

62
Q

How do we name carboxylic acids?

A

Look at the carbon chain length, apply the right prefix and add ‘anoic’ on the end

63
Q

What is formed when a carboxylic acid dissolves in water?

A

An acidic solution

64
Q

Why do carboxylic acids form weak acids in solution?

A

They are only partially ionised in water

65
Q

What is produced when a carboxylic acid reacts with a metal?

A

A salt and hydrogen

66
Q

What is produced when carboxylic acids react with carbonate?

A

Salt, carbon dioxide, water

67
Q

What is produced in a reaction between carboxylic and alcohols?

A

An ester and water

68
Q

What ester is produced in the reaction between ethanoic acid and ethanol?

A

Ethyl ethanoate

69
Q

What is a monomer?

A

A molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer

70
Q

What is a polymer?

A

A long chain molecule made from many monomers

71
Q

What is addition polymerisation?

A

A reaction that joins many monomers together to form a polymer

72
Q

Why can alkenes be used in addition polymerisation?

A

They contain a double bond

73
Q

How are polymers represented?

A

The displayed formulae are written as repeating units with a square bracket at each end, with an n outside the bracket

74
Q

What is condensation polymerisation?

A

When monomers with different functional groups react to produce a new functional group plus a small molecule

75
Q

How is the polymer structure represented after a condensation reaction?

A

-[[X][Y]]-

76
Q

What functional groups do amino acids contain?

A

H2N, COOH

77
Q

What polymer is formed from amino acids?

A

Proteins

78
Q

What is DNA?

A

A naturally occurring polymer essential for life

79
Q

What is the function of DNA?

A

Encodes genetic instructions for the development and functioning of living organisms and viruses

80
Q

What is the structure of DNA?

A

Two polymer chains, made from four different monomers called nucleotides, in a double helix

81
Q

What are other examples of naturally occurring polymers?

A

Proteins, starch, cellulose

82
Q

What polymers are formed from glucose monomers?

A

Starch and cellulose

Chemistry (7 decks)

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