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Chemistry (Triple) > Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Where is crude oil made from?

A

Crude oil is made from the fossilised remnants of ancient plankton.

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2
Q

Where is crude oil found?

A

Crude oil is found in rocks and is used to produce other important chemicals.

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3
Q

What is crude oil?

A

Crude oil is a mixture of different compounds that are not chemically combined. Most are hydrocarbons.

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4
Q

What are hydrocarbons?

A

Hydrocarbons are molecules only made up of carbons and hydrogen atoms. They can differ in size, which may change the property of the hydrocarbon.

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5
Q

What are the most important properties of hydrocarbons?

A
  • Hydrocarbons with longer chains have higher boiling points.
  • Hydrocarbons with longer chains have a higher viscosity (flow thick).
  • Hydrocarbons with longer chains are less flammable.
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6
Q

What are alkanes?

A

Carbon atoms that bond to four atoms (hydrogen or carbon).

These are known as saturated hydrocarbons as their bonds with other atoms are single bonds.

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7
Q

What are the uses of alkanes?

A

Alkanes have low reactivity, but combust quite well, making them useful as fuels.

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8
Q

What is the general formula for an alkane?

A

CnH(2n+2)

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9
Q

What are the four smallest alkanes?

A

Methane - CH4
Ethane - C2H6
Propane - C3H8
Butane - C4H10

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10
Q

What is fractional distillation?

A

Fractional distillation is the process of separating crude oil into groups of hydrocarbons with similar numbers of carbon atoms.

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11
Q

How does fractional distillation work?

A

Evaporation - crude oil vapour is put into a fractioning column at the bottom and rises upwards.

Condensation - Temperature is highest at the bottom, long chains are collected at the bottom as liquids.

Collection - Once collected, they are processed to create end products like fuels.

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12
Q

What is the homologous series?

A

Different organic compounds as carbon atoms can form families of similar compounds.

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13
Q

What happens if hydrocarbon burns with a lack of oxygen?

A

Carbon monoxide can be created:
2C + O2 = 2CO

  • Odourless
  • Toxic
  • Colourless
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14
Q

What happens if hydrocarbons burn with plenty of oxygen?

A

Complete combustion
- Release of energy
- Oxidation of carbon and hydrogen to create carbon dioxide and water.

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15
Q

Why don’t heavy fractions of crude oil make good fuels?

A
  • Don’t ignite easily
  • Have low volatility
  • Have high boiling points
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16
Q

What is cracking?

A

Cracking is the process that breaks down long-chain hydrocarbons into more useful shorter-chain molecules.

Cracking is an example of a thermal decomposition reaction.

17
Q

What is catalytic cracking?

A

Vaporised heavy hydrocarbons are passed over the top of a heated catalyst.

Alkanes and alkenes are produced by this reaction.

18
Q

What is steam cracking?

A

Vaporised heavy hydrocarbons are combined with steam in a high temperature environment.

19
Q

What are the uses of alkenes?

A
  • Being combined to make polymers.
  • Starting materials for chemicals like ethanol.
20
Q

What is the functional group of alkenes?

A

C=C

21
Q

How reactive are alkenes?

A

Alkenes have greater reactivity the alkanes.

22
Q

What is a typical reaction for alkenes?

A

Addition reactions

23
Q

What happens if alkenes are mixed with bromine water?

A

The colour changes from orange/brown to colourless.

24
Q

What is the general formula for alcohols?

A

CnH2n+1OH

25
Q

What happens when alcohols and sodium react together?

A

Hydrogen is produced

26
Q

What is fermentation?

A

The common method for producing ethanol.

27
Q

What is the process of fermentation?

A

It involved adding yeast to a sugar solution. This reaction gives an aqueous solution of ethanol and carbon dioxide.

28
Q

What are the ideal conditions for fermentation?

A
  • Temperature of 37°C.
  • A solution that is slightly acidic.
  • Absence of oxygen
29
Q

What is the general formula for carboxylic acids?

A

CnH2n+1COOH

30
Q

Why do carboxylic acids only partially ionise in water?

A

They are a weak acid

31
Q

What is produced when carboxylic acids react with carbonates?

A
  • A salt
  • Carbon dioxide
  • Water
32
Q

What happens when carbox acids react with water?

A

They dissolve to give solutions with an acidic pH

33
Q

What happens when carboxylic acids react with an alcohol (with an acid catalyst)?

A

An ester and water are produced.

34
Q

What is addition polymerisation?

A

The joining of short-chain monomers to produce one long-chain polymer.

35
Q

What are the products of addition polymerisation?

A

The polymer is the only product of the reaction. This means that the repeating unit has exactly the same atoms as the monomer.

Chemistry (Triple) (7 decks)

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