Organic Chemistry

Question 1

organic compounds

Answer 1

• compounds of carbon
• not including CO2/CO/H2CO3
• no ionics

Question 2

polymerism

Answer 2

formation of long chains

Question 3

isomerism

Answer 3

same number of atoms, different structure

Question 4

molecular formula

Answer 4

only contains atom numbers

ex. C5H10

Question 5

structural formulas

Answer 5

visualization with all hydrogens

Question 6

condensed structural formulas

Answer 6

molecular + structural

Question 7

aliphatic hydrocarbons

Answer 7

only hydrogen and carbon (alkanes, alkynes, alkenes)

Question 8

alkanes

Answer 8

• C(n)H(2n+2)
• single carbon bonds
• saturated
• hard to break down

Question 9

roots

Answer 9

meth
eth
prop
but
pent
hex
hept
oct
non
dec

Question 10

naming alkanes

Answer 10

• parent chain
• branch location numbers should be as low as possible
• put branches in alphabetical order

Question 11

cycloalkanes

Answer 11

• C(n)H(2n)
• saturated
• most difficult to break down

Question 12

naming cycloalkanes

Answer 12

• cyclo = parent chain
• use lowest numbers possible
• cyclo before alkane name

Question 13

alkenes

Answer 13

• double carbon bond
• C(n)H(2n)
• unsaturated

Question 14

alkynes

Answer 14

• triple carbon bond
• C(n)H(2n-2)
• easiest to react

Question 15

naming alkenes/kynes

Answer 15

• bonds on lowest possible number
• more than one double bond = indicate both numbers and end with “diene”
• cyclo = numbers begin at double bond

Question 16

aromatics

Answer 16

• contain a benzene ring
• C6H5
• unreactive

Question 17

naming aromatics

Answer 17

• phenyl branch: branches with lowest number
• benzene as parent chain: number as cyclo

Question 18

organic halides

Answer 18

• hydrogen replaced with halogen
• polar/nonpolar
• chloro (Cl), fluoro (F), iodo (I)

Question 19

alcohols

Answer 19

• contain hydroxyl (OH)
• name so OH is lowest position number
• convert e to ol
• more than 1 = prefix before suffix

Question 20

carboxylic acids

Answer 20

• contain carboxyl (COOH)
• always first
• convert e to oic

Question 21

ester

Answer 21

• carboxylic acid + alcohol = esterfication
• carboxylic loses OH, alcohol loses H
• contain ester link (COO)
• ___yl ____oate

Question 22

physical properties of alkanes/alkenes/alkynes

Answer 22

• all nonpolar (only LDF)
• bigger/more atoms = more electrons
• more branches = less LDF = lower boiling point

Question 23

physical properties of alcohols

Answer 23

• higher BP than hydrocarbons
• smaller = miscible, bigger become less miscible (larger nonpolar area)

Question 24

physical properties of carboxylic acids

Answer 24

• greater BP than alcohols
• smaller = miscible

Question 25

physical properties of esters

Answer 25

- lacking OH = lower BP than alcohols - smaller = miscible

Question 26

crude oil

Answer 26

- found in bitumen as various compounds with different boiling points - fractional distillation: separation of these compounds off boiling points - smaller molecule = lower BP = top of tower

Question 27

catalytic cracking

Answer 27

catalyst to break apart (leaves residual like carbon)

Question 28

hydrocracking

Answer 28

catalytic + hydrogenation requires H2, no residual

Question 29

catalytic reforming

Answer 29

aliphatic --> aromatic + H2 (improves quality)

Question 30

alkylation

Answer 30

increase branching (isomerization)

Question 31

incomplete combustion

Answer 31

CO/C left behind instead of CO2

Question 32

addition

Answer 32

alkenes/alkynes + H2 --> alkanes OR alkenes/alkynes + halogen --> organic halides

Question 33

substitution

Answer 33

alkanes/aromatics + halogen --> organic halides + byproduct require light

Question 34

elimination

Answer 34

alkane --> alkene alcohol --> alkenes + water organic halides + OH- (strong base) --> alkenes + halide ion + water

Question 35

addition polymerization

Answer 35

one product (polymer) unsaturated monomer

Question 36

condensation polymerization

Answer 36

polymer + biproduct byproduct (water/ammonia/HCl)