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Chemistry Theory > Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What is the origin of most organic compounds?

A

Most organic compounds come from living things (plants and animals) or from things that were once living (fossils).

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2
Q

What is the main constituent of organic compounds?

A

Carbon.

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3
Q

Besides carbon, which element is frequently present in organic compounds?

A

Hydrogen.

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4
Q

What other elements are commonly found in organic compounds?

A

Oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorous, and halogens.

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5
Q

What type of bond is contained in organic compounds

A

Covalent bonds (polar or non-polar).

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6
Q

Why are organic compounds mostly soluble in organic solvents?

A

Because organic compounds are non-polar in nature

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7
Q

What makes organic compounds poor conductors of electricity?

A

The presence of covalent bonds.

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8
Q

Why do organic compounds generally have low melting and boiling points?

A

Because they are volatile.

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9
Q

Why are organic compounds less stable?

A

Due to their low melting and boiling points.

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10
Q

What makes organic compounds combustible?

A

Their high percentage of carbon.

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11
Q

What is isomerism in organic compounds?

A

The phenomenon in which more than one compounds have the same molecular formula but different molecular structures.

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12
Q

What is catenation in organic compounds?

A

The ability of carbon atoms to link with other carbon atoms.

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13
Q

What is the main reason for the existence of a large number of organic compounds?

A

The ability of carbon atoms to link with one another by means of covalent bonds to form long chains or rings of carbon atoms.

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14
Q

What is the phenomenon that increases the number of isomers with the increase in the number of carbon atoms in a given molecular formula?

A

Isomerism.

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15
Q

What are some sources of organic compounds?

A

Coal, dead plants, natural gas, petroleum, carbohydrates, living organisms, proteins, fats/oils, vitamins.

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16
Q

What are some uses of organic compounds in daily life?

A

Medicine synthesis, cosmetics, paints, plastics, fertilizer, detergents, synthetic fibers, rubber, insecticides, pesticides, food, clothing, houses, fuel, raw material, welding and cutting metals, solvent

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17
Q

What are some uses of organic compounds as food?

A

Carbohydrates, fats, protein, vitamins, minerals

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18
Q

What are some uses of organic compounds as clothing?

A

Natural fibers (cotton, silk, wool), synthetic fibers (nylon, Dacron, acrylic)

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19
Q

What are some uses of organic compounds as houses?

A

Wood, cellulose

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20
Q

What are some uses of organic compounds as fuel?

A

Coal, natural gas, petroleum, propane, butane

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21
Q

What are some uses of organic compounds as medicines?

A

Antibiotics, phenol compounds

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22
Q

What are some uses of organic compounds as raw material?

A

Rubber, paper, ink, drugs, dyes, paints, varnishes, pesticides, organic chemicals, products such as plastic, acetic acid, antifreeze

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23
Q

What are some uses of organic compounds for welding and cutting metals?

A

Acetylene

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24
Q

What are some uses of organic compounds as a solvent?

A

Methanol

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25
Q

What are acyclic compounds?

A

The carbon atoms are present in the form of an open chain. This chain may either be a straight chain or a branched chain.

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26
Q

Give an example of a straight chain compound.

A

Propane CH 3 -CH 2 -CH 3

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27
Q

What are cyclic compounds?

A

They are marked by the presence of one or more closed chains or ring of atoms in their structure.

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28
Q

How are cyclic compounds further classified?

A

Depending on whether there is a presence of any other atom apart from carbon in the constitution of the ring, they are further classified as homocyclic or carbocyclic compounds and heterocyclic compounds.

29
Q

What are homocyclic or carbocyclic compounds?

A

The rings in these compounds are entirely made up of carbon atoms. No other atom is present in the ring skeleton.

30
Q

What are the two sub-classes of homocyclic or carbocyclic compounds?

A

Alicyclic Compounds and Aromatic Compounds

31
Q

What are alicyclic compounds also known as?

A

Non-Benzenoid Compounds

32
Q

What are examples of alicyclic compounds?

A

Cyclopropane, cyclobutane, cyclopentane, cyclohexane, etc.

33
Q

What is the defining characteristic of aromatic compounds?

A

These organic compounds contain at least one benzene ring in their molecule.

34
Q

What are heterocyclic compounds?

A

Compounds that contain one or more heteroatoms such as oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur, boron, silicon etc. in the ring

35
Q

What are alicyclic heterocyclic compounds?

A

Aliphatic heterocyclic compounds that contain one or more heteroatoms in their rings.

36
Q

What are aromatic heterocyclic compounds?

A

Aromatic heterocyclic compounds that contain one or more heteroatoms in their ring skeleton.

37
Q

What is the general formula of alkanes?

A

C n H 2n+2

38
Q

What is the general formula of alkenes?

A

C n H 2n

39
Q

What is the general formula of alkynes?

A

C n H 2n-2

40
Q

What is the molecular formula of methane?

A

CH 4

41
Q

What is the condensed formula of ethane?

A

C 2 H 6

42
Q

What is the molecular formula for alkenes?

A

CnH2n

43
Q

What is the molecular formula of alkynes?

A

CnH2n-2

44
Q

What are the names of straight chain alkanes up to decane?

A

Methane, Ethane, Propane, Butane, Pentane, Hexane, Heptane, Octane, Nonane, Decane

45
Q

How are alkyl groups formed?

A

By the removal of a hydrogen atom from their corresponding alkanes (up to five carbon atoms)

46
Q

Define the homologous series and its characteristics.

A

A homologous series is a family of organic compounds with the same functional group and similar chemical properties. Characteristics: All members of a series can be represented by a general formula for example C n H 2n+2 for alkanes, C n H 2n for alkenes and C n H 2n-2 for alkynes. Successive members of the series differ by one unit CH 2 and 14 units in their relative molecular mass. They have the same functional group. They have similar chemical properties. There is a gradual change in their physical properties as we go down the series from one member to the next due to increase in their molecular masses. They can be prepared by similar general method.

47
Q

Define the term isomerism and its types i.e. structural isomerism

A

Isomerism is the phenomenon in which two or more compounds have the same molecular formula but different structural formula. Structural isomerism is a type of isomerism in which the atoms are linked in a different order.

48
Q

What is isomerism?

A

Two or more compounds having the same molecular formula but different structural formulas and properties are said to be isomers and the phenomenon is called isomerism.

49
Q

What is meant by structural isomerism?

A

It is a type of isomerism where isomers have the same molecular formula but have different arrangements of atoms within the molecule.

50
Q

What is stereoisomerism?

A

When isomers have the same structural formula but differ in relative arrangement of atoms or groups in space within the molecule, these are known as stereoisomers and the phenomenon as stereoisomerism.

51
Q

What is chain isomerism?

A

It is a type of structural isomerism where the isomers have the same molecular formula but they differ in the order in which the carbon atoms are bonded to each other.

52
Q

What are characteristic properties of an organic compound known as?

A

functional group

53
Q

What are the various organic compounds classified on the basis of?

A

functional groups

54
Q

What is the observation and inference/result of the litmus test for carboxylic acids?

A

Observation: Dip Litmus Paper into organic compound solution. Inference/Result: Litmus Paper turns into Red.

55
Q

What is the observation and inference/result of the NaHCO3 solution test for carboxylic acids?

A

Observation: Solution of Organic compound in a test tube + add Sodium bicarbonate. Inference/Result: CO2 gas with effervescence evolves.

56
Q

What is the observation and inference/result of the ester formation test for carboxylic acids?

A

Observation: Take organic compound solution in a test tube + add small amount of alcohol + 1-2 drops of H2SO4. Inference/Result: Fruity smell will be given out.

57
Q

What is the observation and inference/result of the Ferric Chloride Test for phenols?

A

Observation: Take organic compound solution in a test tube + few drops of freshly prepared FeCl3 Solution. Inference/Result: Purple/Violet coloration will appear.

58
Q

What is the observation and inference/result of the Carbyl amine test for amines?

A

Observation: Heat organic compound in a test tube + few mL of Chloroform (CHCl3) + few mL of alcoholic KOH. Inference/Result: Extremely unpleasant odour will be given out.

59
Q

What is the Fehling’s solution test used for?

A

To test for the presence of aldehyde group

60
Q

What is the Tollens’ Test also known as?

A

Silver Mirror Test

61
Q

What is the Phenyl hydrazine test used for?

A

To test for the presence of ketone group

62
Q

What is the Sodium nitroprusside test used for?

A

To test for the presence of ketone group

63
Q

What is the Litmus paper test used for?

A

To test for the presence of carboxylic acid

64
Q

What is the Ferric chloride test used for?

A

To test for the presence of phenol

65
Q

What is the Sodium Hydroxide test used for?

A

To test for amine

66
Q

What test is used to identify the presence of an aldehyde in an organic compound?

A

Fehling’s solution test

67
Q

What test is used to identify the presence of a ketone in an organic compound?

A

Phenyl hydrazine test

68
Q

What test is used to identify the presence of a phenol in an organic compound?

A

Sodium nitroprusside test

Chemistry Theory (4 decks)

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