Organic Chemistry Flashcards
(87 cards)
1
Q
How many electrons does one bond line represent?
A
2 electrons
2
Q
What is a heteroatom?
A
Any atom that isn’t carbon or hydrogen
3
Q
Are organic compounds responsible for the colour of food such as fruits and vegetables?
A
Yes
4
Q
What is the point of IUPAC
A
to create standard international rules for everyone to follow
5
Q
What is the definition of an alkane?
A
A hydrocarbon with only single bonds
6
Q
What is the definition of an alkene?
A
The functional groups are double bonds between carbons
7
Q
What is the definition of an alkyne?
A
The functional groups are triple bonds between carbons
8
Q
What is the functional group of an alcohol?
A
OH
9
Q
How could you name an alcohol that is an alkane?
A
Pentan-1-ol
10
Q
How could you name an alcohol that is also an alkene?
A
Pent-2-en-1-ol
11
Q
What is the functional group common to aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids?
A
Carbonyl groups
12
Q
Does an aldehyde or a ketone have two carbon chains on the carbonyl group?
A
Ketone
13
Q
Does an aldehyde or a ketone have one carbon chain on the carbonyl group?
A
Aldehyde
14
Q
Why don’t you have to number the “al” suffix?
A
Because it is an aldehyde and the carbonyl has to be on the first carbon
15
Q
What compound has COOH on the first carbon?
A
Carboxylic acid
16
Q
What is a benzene ring?
A
A six carbon ring with alternating single and double bonds
17
Q
What are the five VSEPR (Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion theory) shapes used in organic chemistry?
A
Linear, trigonal planar, and tetrahedral.
18
Q
What is a lewis structure?
A
A two dimensional model that represents covalent bonds as straight lines and unbonded valence eletrons as dots.
19
Q
How many valence electrons can hydrogen hold?
A
2
20
Q
What is the octet rule?
A
It says that most elements want 8 valence electrons to be stable, which is imortant when drawing lewis structures
21
Q
Are electrons particles or waves?
A
They are both
22
Q
What can be done when energy is added to the electron field?
A
Electrons can be described as a wave function
23
Q
What is a wave function?
A
A mathematical function to find the probability of an electron being in any given spot at any given time
24
Q
E
A
Electrons exist as excitations in the electron field around the nucleus in a standing wave.
25
What is the s orbital?
The simplest of the wave functions that can contain 2 electrons, and exists as a spherical pattern of standing waves around the nucleus.
26
How many s orbitals are there?
2
27
What orbital comes after the s orbital?
the p orbitals (there are 3, with one on the x axis, one on y axis, one of z axis)
28
What happens when orbitals interact and join together?
This process is called hybridization, and can result in the creation of molecular shapes such as the tetrahedral shape
29
Why is water polar?
Because it's orbitals form a tetraedral shape, and the hydrogens each have to stick to one orbital, so they can't be opposite each other
30
What is a sigma bond?
Head-on direct overlapping of atomic orbitals
31
What is a pi bond?
Side bonds between two atomic orbitals, that weren't directly in contact before but now overlap sideways
32
Do all organic molecules have 3d shapes?
Yes. All organic molecules can be plotted on a 3D cartesian coordinate system with x, y, z axis
33
What is the VSEPR theory
That the 3D shape of a molecule is determined by a central atom's lone pairs of electrons and the other atoms it is bonded to
34
What is a molecular shape?
A model that describes only how atoms in a molecule relate to each other and pretend lone pairs are invisible
35
What is spectroscopy?
the study of how matter interacts with visible light and other electromagnetic radiation, from gamma rays to microwaves and everything in between. These techniques are usually non-destructive, so the sample isn't changed after analysis.
36
What is spectrometry?
The generation of interpretable data, or spectra, from a lot of different techniques, including spectroscopy. Some of the techniques that generate spectra can be destructive, like mass spectrometry.
Gives information about an object's structure.
37
What is mass spectrometry?
A process to find a molecule mass. One way to do this is with a destructive method called electron impact, where a beam of electrons is fired at a very small sample. After the electron has hit, and taken one electron from the sample, creating a cation, the sample is sent through a magnetic field to sort the molecule samples by mass. The magnet deflects molecules or shattered parts of molecules each with different weights by different amounts, ultimately producing a mass spectrum when the different molecules hit a detector. CHECK THIS CARD
38
What is the base peak?
The tallest peak on a mass spectrum graph CHECK THIS CARD
39
What does the peak with the greatest numerical value mean in mass spec?
It will correlate with one size of molecule, e.g an ethyl group, indicating that that group was split off by the electron beam. Therefore, this group, added to the group at the base peak should indicate the overall molecule size. CHECK THIS CARD
40
What is an acid according to bronsted lowry definition?
Anything that can donate a proton
41
What is a base accordin to bronsted lowry definition?
Anything that can accept a proton
42
What is pH?
A measure of the strength of the acid or base character of a substance
43
How is pH mathematically defined?
pH = -log[H+]
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45
What catalyst is required for the conversion from alkane to haloalkane?
UV light
46
What catalyst is required for conversion from alcohol to carboxylic acid?
This is an oxidation reaction so it requires a strong oxidising agent. Either Cr2O7(2-)/H+ or MnO4(-)/H+
47
Carboxylic acid and alcohol reacting to create an ester
strong acid catalyst such as conc. H2SO4(l) or conc. H3PO4(l). The reaction condition of heat is also written below the arrow.
48
What catalyst is required for the hydration reaction to convert an alkene to an alcohol?
A strong acid either conc. H3PO4(l) or conc. H2SO4(l). Heat is also needed, around 300 degrees.
49
What catalyst is required for the hydrogenation reaction between an alkene and H2 gas?
Transition metal catalyst such an Ni, Pd, or Pt
50
What happens when an oxidising agent is added to a primary alcohol at a high temperature?
It creates a carboxylic acid
51
What happens when an oxidising agent is added to a primary alcohol at a low temperature?
It produces an aldehyde
52
What happens when an aldehyde and strong oxidising agents are added together at a high temperature?
It produces a carboxylic acid
53
What are four considerations for an ideal reagent/starting material?
Cheap, readily available, sourced from renewable feedstocks, and low toxicity to ensure safety for the operators/scientist.
54
What three considerations are there for ideal intermediate compounds?
Stable - does not degrade after being formed, easily isolated or purified from the reaction mixture, low toxicity
55
What are the five considerations for an ideal desired product?
Stability - does not degrade after being formed, easily isolated from the reaction mixture, obtained with a high degree of purity, low toxicity, of commercial value or serves a purpose
56
Waste/by-products considerations
As few as possible, toxicity as low as possible, considered opportunities for use elsewhere, access to responsible waste disposal
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Number of steps in the sequence
As few as possible - fewer number of reactions usually means less energy, waste and reagents required
58
What are four benefits of a higher atom economy?
Less Enviro impact (produce fewer by-products, so less waste) better safety (by products could be toxic), reduced cost (waste is expensive to dispose of), better quality (fewer by products that need to be separated)
59
In a homologous series, what happens if the molar mass increases?
The number of carbons increases, and therefore the dispersion forces between the molecules are strengthened. Stronger forces means a greater boiling point, melting point and viscosity.
60
If two molecules in the same homologous series have the same number of carbons but a different number of alkyl branches, how will their boiling points differ?
The molecule with less alkyl branches will have stronger dispersion forces as it is more flat, increasing the surface area for dispersion forces to take place. Stronger dispersion forces increases the boiling point.
61
How does temperature affect viscosity?
Higher temp means lower viscosity
62
Which homologous series only have dispersion forces?
Alkenes and alkanes
63
Which homologous series don't have hydrogen but do have dipole dipole?
Haloalkane, aldehyde, ketone, ester
64
What is the definition of a substitution reaction?
A substitution reaction is where an atom or group of atoms in a molecule is exchanged for another atom or group of atoms.
65
What type of energy input do alkanes need to undergo a substitution reaction with a a halogen?
Ultraviolent light
66
What is it called when a halogen replaces a hydrogen in an alkane?
A halogenation reaction
67
What type of isomer is it when a halogen bonds with a different H along the carbon chain?
A positional isomer
68
What is produced when haloalkanes react with aqueous metal hydroxides?
Alkanols
69
What is a halide?
A halide is a molecule with a halgoen bonded to any other compound.
70
What is a hydrogen halide?
A halogen bonded to a hydrogen
71
What is a hydrogenation reaction?
When H2 is added to a C=C double bond, and C=C bond is changed to a C-C bond.
72
What is the definition of an addition reaction of an alkene?
An addition reaction of an alkene is where a molecule is added across the double bond of an alkene
73
What is a hydrohalogenation reaction?
A type of reaction in which a hydrogen halide is added across the C=C double bond of an alkene, to form a haloalkane.
74
What is the definition of a hydration reaction?
Addition reactions involving water added across a C=C double bond
75
What can happen if the alkene in an addition reaction is not symmetric?
Two different products can be formed depending on which side of the C=C the H is replaced.
76
What type of reaction is it when H2 gas is added to an alkene to form an alkane?
An addition reaction
77
If an alkene is reacted with excess quantity of a halogen, what can be formed?
A dihaloalkane
78
What is the product of an oxidation reaction in the presence of acid H+
A carboxylic acid
79
What is the reaction type that converts a primary alcohol into a carboxylic acid or an aldehyde?
An oxidation reaction
80
If an oxidation reaction is performed at a low temperature what product is it more likely to produce?
An aldehyde
81
If an oxidation reaction is performed at a higher temperature what product is it more likely to produce?
A carboxylic acid
82
If an oxidation reaction is performed with a more mild oxidising agent what product is it more likely to produce?
An aldehyde
83
If an oxidation reaction is performed with a strong oxidising agent what product is it more likely to produce?
A carboxylic acid
84
What is the definition of a reaction pathway?
A sequence of chemical reactions to convert a starting material into a desired product.
85
What is the definition of an intermediate compound?
Intermediate compounds are formed at each stage of the reaction pathway and are used until the desired product is formed.
86
What are the 8 factors for consideration when designing a sustainable reaction pathway?
Starting material, intermediate compounds, product, by-products, number of steps, overall yield, reaction conditions, rates of reactions.
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