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DAY 1 TOPICS > Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry Flashcards

(85 cards)

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1
Q

combination of two or more atomic orbitals to form the same number of hybrid orbitals, each having the same shape and energy

A

hybridization

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2
Q

effect of increasing bond strength to bond length and %s

A

decrease, increase

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3
Q

alkane is unsaturated or saturated hydrocarbon

A

saturated hydrocarbon

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4
Q

the name that we use regularly/commonly

A

common name

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5
Q

one that follows the IUPAC system for naming a compound

A

IUPAC name

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6
Q

the 3D structure of a molecule

A

stereochemistry

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7
Q

a carbon with 4 different atoms or groups attached to it

A

chiral center (stereogenic)

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8
Q

chiral compounds have

A

-at least one chiral center
-has no plane of symmetry

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9
Q

optical isomers

A

enantiomers

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10
Q

pair of stereoisomers that are chiral

A

enantiomers

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11
Q

have the same physical properties except that they rotate plane-polarized light in opposite directions

A

enantiomers

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12
Q

isomers wherein the compound differs in connectivity

A

constitutional isomers

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13
Q

3D spatial arrangement (absolute configuration)

A

R,S

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14
Q

rotation of plane-polarized light (physical property)

A

D,L or (+,-)

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15
Q

in __, the prefixes R (latin rectus for right) and S (latin sinister for left) are attached to the IUPAC name

A

Cahn-Ingold-Prelog

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16
Q

__ are optically active

A

chiral compounds

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17
Q

if rotation is to the right, the compound is

A

dextro: d or +

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18
Q

if rotation is to the left, the compound is

A

levo: I or -

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19
Q

a mixture having equal amounts of two enantiomers

A

racemic mixture

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20
Q

instrument used to determine the optical rotation; a device used to measure the rotation of plane polarized light caused by optically active compounds in a solution

A

polarimeter

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21
Q

the overlap of the larger lobes of the sp3 orbitals with the 1s orbitals of hydrogen; head-on overlapping of atomic orbitals

A

sigma bond

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22
Q

formed when unhybridized p orbitals of carbon overlap

A

pi bond

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23
Q

combination of the sigma bond and a pi bond extending between the same pair of atoms

A

double bond

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24
Q

result of the overlap of one sigma bond and two pi bonds

A

triple bond

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25
an atom or group of atoms that are responsible for the characteristic chemical behavior of organic compounds
functional group
26
compounds made up of only carbon and hydrogen
hydrocarbons
27
contain the carbonyl group (C=O) where C is surrounded by three groups, making it sp2 hybridized and trigonal planar
carbonyl compounds
28
compounds that contain the carboxy group, -COOH; very polar compounds and exhibit H-bonding
carboxylic acids
29
object or molecule is not superimposable on its mirror image
chiral
30
main source of alkanes (hydrocarbons)
crude oil
31
four general types of organic reactions
addition, elimination, substitution, rearrangement
32
detailed description of how bonds are broken and formed as reactant(s) is(are) converted to product(s)
reaction mechanism
33
the larger the molecular weight, the __ the boiling point
higher
34
for the same molecular weight, the larger the surface area, the __ the boiling point
higher
35
more branching, __ boiling point
lower
36
a __ is a concerted reaction where a starting material is converted directly to a product
one-step reaction
37
increase in energy when tetrahedral bond angles deviate from the optimum angle of 109.5 deg
angle strain
38
an ion or molecule that is electron deficient and would accept a pair of electrons from a nucleophile to form a new covalent bond
electrophile (electron loving)
39
halogenation reaction of alkanes
initiation > propagation > termination
40
most important sources of alkanes
natural gas and petroleum
41
complex mixture of compounds, mostly alkanes and other hydrocarbons with 1-40 carbon atoms
petroleum
42
contains mostly methane (about 70-90%), with some ethane, propane, butane, and sometimes small amounts of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide or helium
natural gas
43
distillation of crude petroleum separates it into various fractions
refining
44
__ of alkanes produces carbon dioxide and water if the amount of oxygen is sufficient (complete combustion).
combustion
45
produced when the supply of oxygen is insufficient
carbon as soot and carbon monoxide. together with water
46
results in increase in the number of C-Z bonds (usually C-O bonds) or a decrease in the number of C-H bonds
oxidation
47
results in a decrease in the number of C-Z bonds (usually C-O bonds) or an increase in the number of C-H bonds
reduction
48
__ of alkanes occur in the presence of heat or light, converting alkanes to alkyl halides
halogenation
49
rotation around __ is restricted
C=C
50
true or false: trans alkenes are more stable than cis alkenes
true
51
the overlap between a sigma bond and a p-orbital
hyperconjugation
52
alkenes typically undergo
electrophilic addition
53
there is only one of two possible orientations of addition that occurs
regiospecific reactions
54
predicts that H will add to the carbon with fewer alkyl substituents and X will add to the carbon with more alkyl substituents
Markovnikov's rule
55
carbocation stability follows the order:
3 degree > 2 degree > 1 degree
56
a simple chemical test for the presence of pi bonds in unknown compounds
bromination
57
__ of an alkene breaks both the pi and sigma bonds of the C=C to form two C=O
oxidative cleavage
58
detailed description of how bonds are broken and formed as reactant(s) is(are) converted to product(s)
reaction mechanism
59
symmetrical bond breaking (homolysis) generates __, which are uncharged species with unpaired electrons
radicals
60
electron rich
nucleophile
61
used to detect position of double bond
ozonolysis
62
contains a six-membered ring and three additional degrees of unsaturation
benzene
63
ortho- and para- directing
activating groups
64
meta- directing
deactivating groups
65
reaction of benzene where a hydrogen atom is replaced by an electrophile
electrophilic aromatic substitution
66
capable of dipole-dipole interactions and intermolecular hydrogen bonding
polar protic solvents
67
exhibit dipole-dipole but have no O-H or N-H so they are incapable of hydrogen bonding
polar aprotic solvents
68
always product of elimination
alkenes
69
have higher boiling points than ethers and alkanes
alcohols
70
elimination of water from alcohols
dehydration
71
substitution with HCl/ZnCl2, determines if primary, secondary, or tertiary alcohols
lucas test
72
oxidation with acidic Cr6+
Jones test
73
product of strong oxidizing agent plus primary alcohol
carboxylic acid
74
product of oxidation of secondary alcohol
ketone
75
product of oxidation of tertiary alcohol
no product
76
how many carbons of alcohol are still soluble with water?
5 carbons below
77
product of dehydration of alcohols with strong acid
alkene
78
product of alcohol oxidation with PCC or PDC
aldehyde
79
alcohol can undergo these reactions:
substitution (alkyl halide), oxidation (aldehyde, carboxylic acid, or ketone), elimination (alkene), deprotonation (alkoxide)
80
acid in wine
tartaric acid
81
carboxylic acid undergoes what reaction
nucleophilic acyl substitution
82
loss of CO2 from carboxyl group when heated to a very high temperature
decarboxylation
83
prone to decarboxylation
ketoacids
84
combining carboxylic acid with alcohol in the presence of acid catalyst (H2SO4)
Fischer Esterification
85
basic nitrogen-containing compounds found in the roots, bark, leaves, berries, or fruits of plants
alkaloids

DAY 1 TOPICS (6 decks)

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