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Organic chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What are organic compounds?

A

Compounds with carbon atoms

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2
Q

What are inorganic compounds?

A

Compounds that lack carbon atoms

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3
Q

What is a compound with a carbon atom that is inorganic?

A

CO2

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4
Q

What are homologous compounds in a series?

A

Compounds that are within the same functional group with the successive compound having an additional CH2

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5
Q

Meaning of nomeclature?

A

Naming of organic compounds

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6
Q

Why do IUPAC have rules on having an international language of chemistry?

A

To make it easier for scientists across the world to test each other’s work

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7
Q

What are the purpose of mechanisms?

A

To break down a reaction into individual stages

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8
Q

What do curly arrows in mechanisms show
?

A

They show how electron pairs move around during a reaction

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9
Q

What are the 2 types of isomers?

A
  • Structural
  • Stereoisomer
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10
Q

What are the 3 different types of structural isomers?

A
  • Chain Isomers
  • Positional Isomers
  • Functional group Isomers
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11
Q

What are isomers?

A

It is compounds with the same chemical formula but different structural formula

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12
Q

What are the 2 types of stereoisomer?

A
  • E isomer
  • Z isomer
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13
Q

What is a chain isomer?

A

Same molecular formula but different atomic arrangements (e.g differently placed CH3 in a compound)

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14
Q

What is a functional group isomer?

A

Same molecular formula but has different functional groups attached to it

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15
Q

What is a positional isomer?

A

Same carbon skeleton and functional groups but where the functional group is positioned in or around the longest carbon chain is different

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16
Q

What are the 3 types of halogenoalkanes

A
  • Primary
  • Secondary
  • Tertiary
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17
Q

What is a primary halogenoalkanes?

A

When the carbon linked to halogen (group 7) is only to one other carbon

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18
Q

What is a secondary halogenoalkanes?

A

When the carbon linked to the halogen (group 7) is to two other carbon

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19
Q

What is a tertiary halogenoalkanes?

A

When the carbon linked to the halogen (group 7) is to three other carbon

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20
Q

What is the bond polarity of halogenoalkanes

A

Carbons linked to the halogens are slightly positively charged due to the halogens being more electronegative.

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21
Q

Are halogenoakanes soluble in water?

A

No and they can mix with hydrocarbons

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22
Q

What is a nucleophile?

A

A reagent that is electron-rich chemical species that donates an electron pair to form a bond

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23
Q

What is an electrophile?

A

It is a chemical species that is electron deficient and forms bonds with nucleophiles by accepting an electron pair

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24
Q

What is the charge of an electrophile

A

Positive or Neutral

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25
What is the charge of a nucleophile?
Negative
26
Molecular Formula
Actual number of atoms of the elements in a compound
27
Cons of using the molecular formula
- Does not tell us the structure of the molecule - Different molecules can have same molecular formula so cannot distinguish (Isomers)
28
Empirical formula
Simplest whole number ratio of the atoms of each element in a compound
29
Displayed formula
Shows how many bonds in a molecule
30
Cons of displayed formula?
Does not show accurate bond angles
31
Structural formula
Shows how atoms are arranged
32
Cons of Structural formula?
Does not show bonds
33
Skeletal formula
Only shows covalent bonds between the carbons and functional groups
34
General formula
Simplest Algebraic formula for a member of a homologous series
35
Structural Isomers
Molecules with same molecular formula but different structural formula (done by moving a carbon up or down)
36
Functional Isomer
Same molecular formula but different functional groups
37
Chain Isomers
Different arrangement in hydrocarbon chain
38
Positional Isomer
Different position of their functional group
39
Stereoisomers
Molecules with same structural formula but atoms arranged differently in space
40
2 types of stereoisomers
- geometrical isomers - optical isomers
41
Difference in single and double covalent bonds
- Single Covalent bonds can rotate - Double Covalent bonds are non-rotational but can flex slightly
42
Alkene only have E/Z isomers if they meet 2 conditions, What are these?
- Carbon atom on double bond must be attached to 2 different groups - One of the groups must be the same for both of the carbon atoms
43
Cahn Ingold Prelog Rule
2 elements with the highest get priority when determining type of Isomer (E or Z)
44
What are bond angles of an alkene
Covalent bonds around each carbon atom for a tetrahedral structure with bond angles of 109.5
45
What are the covalent bonds in an alkane called?
Sigma bonds
46
What causes sigma bonds to form?
when electron orbitals from adjacent atoms overlap
47
properties of a sigma bond
Fully rotational Strong (requires lot of energy to break)
48
why are Alkanes non-polar molecular?
because carbon and hydrogen have similar electronegativity
49
Alkane properties
- Insoluble in water - generally unreactive - longer the chain = higher the boiling point
50
Why are alkanes insoluble in water?
Because water molecules form hydrogen with each other but alkanes cannot as they have no permanent dipole.
51
Why are alkanes generally unreactive?
Due to strong covalent bonds within alkane molecules which require a lot of energy to break
52
Why do branched isomers have lower boiling point than straight chain isomers?
This is because of the fact that branched isomers prevent alkanes from getting close together so van der waal forces are reduced
53
The process of separation of Alkenes
Fractional distillation in tall fractioning columns
54
Process of fractional distillation
- Crude oil burned in a furnace turning most alkanes into gases - Crude oil vapours and liquids pass through tall fractioning column (hotter at the bottom and progressively cooler) - Crude oil vapours go up the column and at different levels there are collecting trays with bubble caps to allow gases to pass upwards - at one point vapours will reach a temperature cooler than their boiling point causing to condense into a liquid. - Crude oil liuids whichdid not boil due to boiling points higher than 360 degrees celsius are collected at the bottom and are called bitumen which is used for tar to make roads.
55
Cons of fractional distillation
It does not separate each individual alkane but instead each fraction contains a number of alkanes with similar boiling points
56
How to get individual alkanes from fractional distillation
Multiple rounds of fractional distillation
57
Stages of free radical substitution
Initiation Propagation Termination
58
Use of Ultraviolet light in free radical substitution?
To split bromine atoms into 2 free radical both receiving an unpaired electron (name of process = homolytic fission)
59
Alkene bond angles and structure
Planar structure and 120 bond angles
60
What 2 types of bonds are the double bonds in alkene made from?
1. Pi bond (overlap of P orbital sideways) 2. Sigma bond (overlap of P orbital above and below)
61
Why can't a double bond rotate?
Due to Pi bond not being rotational
62
Why can Alkenes form stereoisomer?
Due alkenes not being able to rotate
63
Why are alkenes reactive?
Because Pi bonds have less bond enthalpy than Sigma bonds as Sigma bonds overlap directly meanwhile Pi bonds overlap sideways (not fully overlapping) - Double bond is very electron dense due to pi bond and sigma bond
64
What process do alkenes undertake when reacting
Electrophllic addition
65
How many products do symmetrical alkene form during electrophilic addition?
One
66
How many products do asymmetrical alkenes form during electrophilic addition?
multiple
67
Primary carbocation
During carbocation intermediate when the positive carbon is bonded to one other carbon atom
68
Secondary carbocation
During carbocation intermediate when the positive carbon is bonded to two other carbon atoms
69
Markownikoff's Rule
When a hydrogen halide reacts with a asymmetrical alkene the halide is more likely to bond to the carbon with the more carbons attached to it
70
Why are secondary carbocations more stable than primary ones?
Because in primary carbocations, electrons in only one alkyl group can shift towards the positive charge (inductive effect) meanwhile in secondary carbocations two alkyl groups can do this
71
Hydration of alkene reaction In acidified conditions
Alkene + water (g) --> alcohol In acidified conditions (phosphoric acid), 300 degrees Celsius and 600 kPa
72
Hydrogenation of alkenes
Alkene + Hydrogen -reversible-> ethane Nickel catalyst 150 degrees celsius
73
Use of Hydrogenation of alkenes
To make margarine by Hydrogenating vegetable oil causing the unsaturated fatty acids to increase in boiling point nd making vegetable oil into solid (margarine)
74
What is the name of the process only some double bonds are hydrogenated?
Partial hydrogenation
75
Conditions needed for addition polymerisation
High temp High Pressure Catalyst
76
What is PVC?
Poly(chloroethene)
77
Use of Rigid PVC
Rigid polymer used to make Plastic pipes
78
How is Flexible PVC made from Rigid PVC?
By adding a plasticiser to the rigid PVC which weakens Intermolecular forces between polymer chains which allows the chain to move over each other
79
Use of Flexible PVC
Relatively soft and is used for flooring and insulation on electrical cables
80
What are hazards of Carbon release into the atmosphere
- Causes Global dimming - Soot - Smog

Chemistry (20 decks)

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