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Organic chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What are hydrocarbons?

A

Hydrocarbons are molecules made up of hydrogen and carbon atoms only.

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2
Q

How is crude oil made?

A

Crude oil is made from fossilised remnants of ancient plankton.

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3
Q

Where is crude oil found and what is it used for?

A

Crude oil is found in rocks and is used to produce fuel and other important chemicals

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4
Q

What are the properties of long chain hydrocarbons?

A

Less flammable
Higher boiling points
Higher viscosity (thickness)

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5
Q

What are the properties of short chain hydrocarbons?

A

More flammable
Lower boiling points
Lower viscosity (thickness)

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6
Q

Why are alkanes called saturated hydrocarbons?

A

Alkanes are saturated because all of their bonds to other atoms are single bonds.

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7
Q

What are the properties of alkanes?

A

Low reactivity
Combust very well

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8
Q

What are the uses of alkanes?

A

Fuels

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9
Q

What is the general formula for alkanes?

A

CnH(2n+2)

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10
Q

List the first 4 alkanes.

A

Methane (CH4)
Ethane (C2H6)
Propane (C3H8)
Butane (C4H10)

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11
Q

What are short chain hydrocarbons?

A

Short chain hydrocarbons are hydrocarbons with few carbon atoms.

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12
Q

What are groups of hydrocarbons called?

A

Fractions

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13
Q

What is the purpose of fractional distillation?

A

Fractional distillation is used to separate hydrocarbons by their different boiling points.

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14
Q

State the process of fractional distillation.

A
  1. Evaporation
  2. Condensation
  3. Collection
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15
Q

Explain the evaporation process in fractional distillation.

A
  1. Evaporate the crude oil by heating it.
  2. Crude oil vapour rises up the fractionating column from the bottom upwards.
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16
Q

Explain the condensation process in fractional distillation.

A
  1. The temperature is highest at the bottom of the column. Long-chain hydrocarbons condense at the bottom and are collected as liquids.
  2. Short-chain hydrocarbons have lower boiling points. They pass up the column and condense at lower temperatures nearer the top.
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17
Q

Explain what happens after collection in the process in fractional distillation.

A

Used to create fuels (e.g petrol or diesel)

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18
Q

What are the other uses for the fractions after fractional distillation?

A

Petrochemical industry use some fractions as feedstock to make products such as solvents, detergents or lubricants.

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19
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

A homologous series is a group of chemicals that have similar chemical properties and can be represented by a general formula.

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20
Q

What is the symbol equation for incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons?

A

Carbon+oxygen→carbon monoxide+water

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21
Q

What is the symbol equation for complete combustion of hydrocarbons?

A

Carbon+oxygen→carbon dioxide+water

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22
Q

What are the 3 properties of carbon monoxide

A

Odourless
Colourless
Toxic

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23
Q

Why do heavy fractions of crude oil not make good fuels?

A

Don’t ignite easily
High flammability
Low volatility

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24
Q

What is cracking?

A

Cracking is the process of breaking down long-chain hydrocarbons into shorter-chain molecules that are more useful.

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25
What type of reaction is cracking an example of?
Cracking is an example of a thermal decomposition reaction.
26
What are the 2 different types of cracking?
Catalytic cracking Steam cracking
27
What is catalytic cracking?
Catalytic cracking is when vapourised heavy hydrocarbons are passed over the top of a heated catalyst. Alkanes and alkenes are produced.
28
What is steam cracking?
Steam cracking is when vapourised heavy hydrocarbons are combined with steam in a high temperature environment. Alkanes and alkenes are produced.
29
What are the uses of alkenes?
Starting materials for chemicals like ethanol. Being combined to make polymers.
30
Why are alkenes unsaturated hydrocarbons?
Alkenes are unsaturated because they contain a double bond between 2 of their carbon atoms.
31
How reactive are alkenes?
The presence of the C=C functional group means that alkenes have greater reactivity than alkanes.
32
What is the general formula for alkenes?
CnH2n
33
What is the functional group of alkenes?
C=C
34
List the 4 smallest alkenes?
Ethene C2H4 Propene C3H6 Butene C4H8 Pentene C5H10
35
What happens during an alkene addition reaction?
During an alkene addition reaction a double carbon carbon bond opens up and allows carbon atoms to bond with new atoms.
36
List the examples of alkene addition reactions.
Alkenes and water Alkenes and oxygen Alkenes and hydrogen Alkenes and halogen
37
What happens when alkenes react with water?
Alkenes react with steam to produce alcohols if a phosphoric acid catalyst is present. E.g. ethene (C2H4) + steam (H2O) → ethanol (C2H5OH)
38
What happens when alkenes react with oxygen?
Alkenes react with oxygen to produce carbon monoxide, carbon and water. E.g. Ethene (C2H4) + oxygen (O2) → carbon monoxide (CO) + carbon (C) + water (H2O) Because their combustion is incomplete they burn with smoky flames.
39
What happens when alkenes react with hydrogen?
Alkenes react with hydrogen to produce alkanes if a nickel catalyst is present E.g. Ethene (C2H4) + hydrogen (H2) → ethane (C2H6)
40
What is hydrogenation?
Hydrogenation is when you add hydrogen atoms across a C=C double bond.
41
What happens when alkenes react with halogens?
Akenes unlike alkanes will react if mixed with bromine water and shaken. This causes the solution to change colour from orange-brown to colourless. E.g. Ethene (C2H4) (colourless) + bromine (Br2) (orange-brown solution) → dibromo-ethane (CH2BrCH2Br) (colourless)
42
How can we determine whether a hydrocarbon is an alkene or an alkane?
React the hydrocarbon with bromine water and shake. If the solution changes colour from orange-brown to colourless then it is an alkene.
43
What is the functional group of an alcohol?
Hydroxyl group (-OH)
44
What is the general formula of an alcohol?
CnH2n+1OH
45
List the 4 smallest alcohols?
Methanol Ethanol Propanol Butanol
46
What happens when alcohol is reacted with water?
When alcohols reactwith water they dissolve to give neutral solutions.
47
What happens when alcohol is reacted with air (and heat)?
When alcohol reacts with air (and heat) they produce carbon dioxide and water.
48
What happens when alcohol is reacted with a strong oxidising agent?
When alcohols reacts with a strong oxidising agent a carboxylic acid is produced.
49
What happens when alcohol is reacted with sodium?
When alcohol reacts with sodium hydrogen is produced.
50
What is the process of fermentation?
Yeast is added to a sugar solution which produces an aqueous ethanol solution and carbon dioxide.
51
What are the optimum conditions for fermentation to take place?
37°C Slightly acidic solution Anaerobic
52
What is the functional group of carboxylic acid?
Carboxyl group (-COOH)
53
What is the general formula for carboxylic acid?
CnH2n+1COOH.
54
Why are carboxylic acids weak acids?
Carboxylic acids are weak acids because they only partially ionise in water.
55
List the 4 smallest carboxylic acids?
Methanoic acid (HCOOH) Ethanoic acid (CH3COOH) Propanoic acid (CH3CH2COOH) Butanoic acid (CH3CH2CH2COOH)
56
What happens when carboxylic acids react with alcohols (and an acid catalyst)?
When carboxylic acids and alcohols react together (using an acid catalyst) an ester and water are produced. E.g. Ethanoic acid + ethanol → ethyl ethanoate + water
57
What happens when carboxylic acids react with carbonates?
When carboxylic acids react with carbonates they produce a salt, carbon dioxide and water. carboxylic acid+carbonate→salt+carbon dioxide+water
58
What happens when carboxylic acids react with water?
When carboxylic acids react with water they dissolve to give solutions with an acidic pH.
59
List the examples of alcohol reactions.
Alcohol and water Alcohol and air (and heat) Alcohol and strong oxidising agent Alcohol and sodium.
60
List the examples of carboxylic acid reactions.
Carboxylic acid and alcohol (and an acid catalyst) Carboxylic acid and carbonates Carboxylic acid and water.
61
What is addition polymerisation?
Addition polymerisation is the joining of short-chain monomers to produce one long-chain polymer.
62
What are the monomers in addition polymerisation and why?
Alkenes are the monomers used in addition polymerisation. This is because the C=C double bonds in alkenes can open up to allow multiple alkenes to join together.
63
What happens when ethene monomers undergo addition polymerisation?
The product is poly(ethene).
64
What is condensation polymerisation?
Condensation polymerisation is when monomers with 2 functional groups or more are joined together to produce larger polymers (as well as small molecule by-products).
65
What are the 2 functional groups that make amino acids?
Amine group (-NH2) Carboxyl group (-COOH)
66
What happens during the polymerisation of amino acids?
Amino acids are combined by condensation polymerisation to produce polypeptide and water.
67
What are the bonds that connect the amine and carboxyl groups of the amino acid called?
Peptide links.
68
What happens when 1 more polypeptides become associated?
Protein is formed.
69
List the examples of biological proteins?
Enzymes Haemoglobin Antibodies
70
What does DNA stand for?
Deoxyribonucleic acid
71
What is the function of DNA?
DNA encodes the genetic instructions used in the development, functioning and reproduction of living organisms and viruses.
72
Explain the structure of the DNA.
The DNA is a polymer consisting of 2 strands of nucleotides that run in the opposite direction held together by hydrogen bonds between complimentary nitrogenous bases. The DNA is in a double helix shape.
73
List the 4 nitrogenous bases
A- adenine T-thymine G-guanine C-cytosine
74
Give examples of other naturally occurring polymers.
Protein (amino acid is the monomer) Starch and cellulose (sugars are the monomers) DNA (nucleotide is the monomer).
75
What is the functional group of esters?
(-COO-) or (RCOOR)
76
What are the uses of esters?
Perfumes Flavourings Solvents in chemical industry
77

Chemistry (10 decks)

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