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gcse chem paper 2 > organic chemistry > Flashcards

organic chemistry Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

uses of crude oil

A

plastic
petrol
cosmetics

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2
Q

what is crude oil (generally & scientifically) and how is it formed

A

a fossil fuel (finite resource) found in rocks. a mixture of hydrocarbons
formed over millions of years when plant and animal remains, mainly plankton, get buried in mud and turn to crude oil due to pressure and temp

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3
Q
A
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4
Q

what id a hydrocarbon

A

compound of carbon and hydrogen atoms only

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5
Q

what is an alkane and how can you tell by the formula/word

A
  • simplest hydrocarbon: all C—C single covalent bonds
  • a homologous series
  • saturated compounds

C(n)H(2n+2)
(prefix)-ane

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6
Q

homologous series meaning

A

group of organic compounds that react in a similar way, with the same general formula

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7
Q

saturated compounds meaninh

A

all carbon to carbon atoms are single

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8
Q

alkanes in increasing order of carbon atoms

A

methane CH4
ethane C2H6
propane C3H8
butane C4H10

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9
Q

how do hydrocarbon properties change as they get larger

A

as size increases:
- viscosity increases
- boiling point increases
- flammability decreases

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10
Q

what happens when a hydrocarbon combusts (is burned) with plenty of oxygen

A

complete combustion, energy released
carbon and hydrogen react with oxygen, becoming oxidised.
hydrocarbon + oxygen —> co2 + water (+energy)

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11
Q

how to balance equation for combustion

A

in this order
C
H
O

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12
Q

how can you get one specific compound from crude oil

A

fractional distillation

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13
Q

how does fractional distillation work

A

• crude oil is heated until evaporated
• vapour enters fractionating column
• column has temperature gradient (hot at bottom)
• meaning longer hydrocarbons will condense back to liquid nearer to the bottom, because they have got a higher boiling point
• smaller hydrocarbons continue rising up the column and condense nearer to the top as they have lower boiling point
• very short chain hydrocarbons with very low boiling points do not condense, they get removed from top as LPG
• crude oil is now separated into liquid fractions with similar number of carbon atoms. fractions removed

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14
Q

order of fractions of compounds (longest to shortest)

A

heavy fuel oil
diesel oil
kerosene
petrol
LPG (liquified petroleum gas)

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15
Q

what can fractions be used as feedstock (chemicals that make other chemicals)

A

solvents
lubricants
detergents
polymers

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16
Q

what is cracking

A

breaking down a long chain alkane to produce smaller, more useful molecules - shorter chain alkanes, and alkenes

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17
Q

why do we need cracking

A

long chain hydrocarbons are not very flammable, so do not make good fuels. short chain hydrocarbons needed

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18
Q

how do you do cracking with high temperatures and a catalyst, and what is the name

A

catalytic cracking
- heat LCH to vaporise them
- pass over a catalyst, where they split apart

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19
Q

how do you do cracking with high temperatures and steam and what is it called

A

steam cracking
- heat LCH to vaporise them
- mix with steam
- heat at high temp

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20
Q

what is an alkene, some properties compared with alkanes, and how can you tell by the formula/word

A

hydrocarbons with functional group C=C

  • two fewer H atoms than alkanes as carbon atoms always have 4 bonds - unsaturated
    -more reactive than alkanes

C(n)H(2n)
(prefix)-ene

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21
Q

uses of alkenes

A
  • to make polymers
  • starting material for other useful chemicals
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22
Q

how can you test for alkenes

A

shake with bromine water (which is orange) in a test tube.
bromine turns colourless if alkene is present

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23
Q

functional group meaning

A

feature of molecule that determines how it reacts

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24
Q

what happens when an alkene combusts in air with word equation

A

incomplete combustion - burn with a smoky yellow flame and less energy produced

alkene + oxygen —> carbon + carbon monoxide + water (+ energy)

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25
what happens when alkenes react with hydrogen and what is it called
hydrogenation in presence of a catalyst, H2 opens up the double bonds to form the equivalent, saturated alkane (double carbons bond to 2 Hs)
26
what happens when alkenes react with water/steam and what is it called
hydration in 300° and in presence of a catalysts, H2O opens double bond to produce alcohol (double carbons bond to H and OH)
27
what happens when alkenes react with halogens
halogen opens double bond (double carbons bond with 2 halogens) to form di-(halogen prefix)-o-(alkane) e.g: dibromoethane dichloropropane
28
uses of alcohols
solvent fuel alcoholic drinks
29
what is an alcohol and how can you tell by formula/word
hydrocarbons with functional group OH C(n)H(2n+1)OH (prefix)-anol
30
how can formula of alcohols look different to other hydrocarbon formulas
like terms do not have to be together eg CH3CH2CH2OH
31
how can ethanol be made
hydration of ethene fermentation
32
how does fermentation work and what are the advantages and disadvantages
in 30°, anaerobic (no oxygen) conditions: sugar solution e.g glucose —(yeast)—> ethanol + co2 - low temp, little energy required - sugar comes from plants: renewable - however product is ethanol (aq), meaning it still needs to be distilled to get pure ethanol, which requires energy
33
how do alcohols react with water
soluble in water and form neutral solutions as number of carbon atoms increases, solubility decreases
34
describe the reaction of alcohol with sodium
sodium (prefix)-oxide and hydrogen gas is produced
35
how do alcohols react with an oxidising agent
carboxylic acid and water produced
36
what happens when alcohols combust
complete combustion
37
what is a carboxylic acid and how can you tell by the formula/word/diagram
hydrocarbons with functional group COOH - like terms do not have to be together eg C2H5COOH - (prefix)-anoic acid - regular diagram just like alkanes, however one C atom is bonded to two O atoms: one double, one single and bonded to another H atoms
38
how do carboxylic acids react in water
as they dissolve, they ionise to produce (prefix)-anoate ion and H+ - reversible reaction - as they only partially ionise, they are weak acids
39
how do carboxylic acids react with metal carbonates
it will form (metal) (prefix)-anoate, water, and co2
40
how do carboxylic acids react with alcohols
in presence of an acid catalyst, ester and water produced ethyl ethanoate and water produced
41
what is a polymer and what are the different kinds
formed when lots of monomers (small, identical molecules) joined together addition and condensation
42
what is an addition polymer, and how can you tell from the diagram/word
when many unsaturated monomoers join together to form a larger molecule (polymer) poly((alkene)) drawn as a repeating unit, where n presents number of monomers:
43
properties of addition polymers
- repeating unit has same atoms as monomer (all atoms in monomer are in polymer, none added)
44
what is a condensation polymer
when monomers join together in repeating units, and a small molecule is also produced often water - monomers each contain two of the same functional groups (different groups but the same on each side)
45
what is a polyester and how is it made
a condensation polymer when a diol (monomer with two alcohol groups HO—[]—OH and a dicarboxylic acid (monomer with two carboxylic acids groups) HOOC—[]—COOH alcohol + carboxylic acid —> ester + water so when the monomers react, one water molecule produced for each link (maximum amount of H20 molecules in equation are created. rest forms the polyester)
46
what do boxes represent in condensation polymerisation equations
hydrocarbon chain
47
what are amino acids
molecules with two functional groups - amine group NH2 - carboxylic group COOH example: glycine
48
what happens when two amino acids react and why
condensation polymerisation as they have two different functional groups form polypeptides if small, and protein when big (multiple polypeptide chains) lose water molecule for every bond formed
49
repeating unit for polypeptides (glycine only)
-(-HNCH2C=O-)-n + nH2O
50
how is dna a naturally occurring monomer
4 different nucleotide monomers (A, T, G, and C) form two polymer chains that twist in a double helix
51
naturally occurring polymers
dna - polymers of nucleotides protein - polymers of amino acids starch - polymers of glucose cellulose - polymers of glucose
52
what is a polypeptide
condensation polymer joining amino acids via peptide bonds, producing on molecule of water for each amino acid added
53
complete vs incomplete combustion
oxygen vs no oxygen carbon monoxide more energy vs less
54
uses of crude oil fractions
lpg - car fuel, domestic heating/cooking petrol - car fuel kerosene - jet fuel diesel - diesel enginges HFO - ships/power stattion
55
what is more likely to combust incompletely
alkenes
56
conditions needed for cracking
high temp steam catalyst
57
why are large hydrocarbons cracked
greater demand for smaller molecules as - they are more flammable so are more useful fuels - to make alkenes for polymers
58
what do you call a mixture of substances in speccific proportions for a desired purpose
formulation
59
what catalyst is used to produce esters
acid
60
addition vs condensation
- one monomer vs more than one - (different reactants) - polymer only product vs small molecule - repeating unit vs ester linkage

gcse chem paper 2 (5 decks)

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