Organic Chemistry

Question 1

What is organic chemistry?

Answer 1

The study of carbon compounds

Question 2

What is a hydrocarbon?

Answer 2

Compounds made of hydrogen and carbon only

Question 3

What are the first 4 hydrocarbon molecules?

Answer 3

Methane, ethane, propane, and butane

Question 4

What are these molecules called?

Answer 4

Alkanes

Question 5

What is an alkene?

Answer 5

Alkenes are hydrocarbons containing double covalent bonds

Question 6

What is special about an alkene?

Answer 6

Alkenes need 4 covalent bonds, but have 2 already due to the double covalent bond

Question 7

What does the study of organic chemistry contain?

Answer 7

Any molecule containing a carbon backbone

Question 8

What is a functional group?

Answer 8

A groups of atoms which give molecules similar properties

Question 9

List 3 functional groups

Answer 9

• Alcohols
• Alkanes
• Alkenes
• Ketones
• Carboxylic acids
• Amines

Question 10

What is the alcohol function group?

Answer 10

A hydrogen atom bonded to an oxygen atom, which is covalently bonded to the rest of the molecule

Question 11

What is an electrostatic interaction?

Answer 11

Electrostatic interactions occur between electrically charged particles (electrons and protons) in all substances that contain more than one atom

Question 12

What is electrostatic attraction?

Answer 12

Electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged species results in a force which causes then to move towards each other

Question 13

What is electrostatic repulsion?

Answer 13

Electrostatic repulsion between 2 species with the same charge causes them to move away from each other

Question 14

What is an ionic bond?

Answer 14

Positively and negatively charged ions held together by strong electrostatic forced

Question 15

What is a covalent bond?

Answer 15

Consists of molecules and is held together by electrostatic attraction between positively charged nuclei and negatively charged electrons

Question 16

How do you write an organic compound chemical equation?

Answer 16

write carbon first, then hydrogen, then the other elements in alphabetical order

Question 17

How do you write a molecular inorganic compounds chemical equations?

Answer 17

Start with the element that is furthest towards the left of the periodic table, then list the elements in the same group beginning with the lowest element

Question 18

What is a cation?

Answer 18

Ions that contain fewer negative than positive atoms

Question 19

What is an anion?

Answer 19

Ions that contain more negative than positive atoms

Question 20

What is a binary ionic compound?

Answer 20

Compound containing only 2 elements, one present as a cation and one as an anion

Question 21

What is a polyatomic ion?

Answer 21

Groups of atoms with a net electrical charge (e.g. ammonium= NH4+)

Question 22

What are hydrates?

Answer 22

A compound that contains a specific ratio of loosely bound water molecules.
‘Waters of hydration’ can be removed simply by heating

Question 23

Steps to naming ionic compounds:

Answer 23

1. Place ions in their proper order (cation, then anion)
2. Name the cation
   - metals that form only 1 cation
   - metals that form more than 1 cation
   - polyatomic cation
3. Name the anion
   - monatomic (-ide)
   - polyatomic (metal/non-metal + oxygen)
4. Write the name of the compound as the name of the cation followed by the anion

Question 24

What is a binary covalent compound?

Answer 24

Covalent compounds containing only 2 elements

Question 25

Steps 1 for naming covalent compounds:

Answer 25

Steps: 1. Place the elements in their proper order a) The element furthest to the left of the periodic table is named first. If both elements occupy the same group, the element furthest towards the bottom of the table is named first b) The second element is named as if it were a monatomic anion in an ionic compound with the suffix -ide.

Question 26

Step 2 for naming covalent compounds

Answer 26

2. Identify the number of each type of atom present a) The prefix mono- is only used when necessary to avoid confusion b) If the molecule contains more than 1 atom of both elements, then prefixes are used for both (e.g. N2O3= dinitrogen trioxide) c) In some names, the final ‘o’ or ‘a’ of the prefix is removed to ease with pronunciation (e.g. OsO4= osmium tetroxide)

Question 27

Step 3 of naming covalent compounds:

Answer 27

3. Write the name of the compound a) Binary compounds of the elements with oxygen= ‘element oxide’ (e.g. CO= Carbon monoxide) b) Certain compounds are always called by common names (e.g. H2O= water, NH3= ammonia)

Question 28

What is an acid?

Answer 28

substance with at least one hydrogen atom that can dissociate to form an anion and H+ ion in an aqueous solution, thereby forming an acidic solution

Question 29

What is a base?

Answer 29

compounds that produce hydroxide ions (OH-) and a cation when dissolved in water thus forming a basic solution.

Question 30

What is an oxoacid?

Answer 30

acids in with the H+ ion is attached to an oxygen atom of a polyatomic anion

Question 31

What are the two rules when naming acids?

Answer 31

1. If the name of the anion ends in -ate, the acid will end with -ic. 2. If the name of the anion ends in -ite, the acid will end with -ous.

Question 32

What are rules of bases?

Answer 32

- Bases are ionic compounds - Contain the hydroxide ion and a metal cation (formula= M(OH)n)