Organic Chemistry Flashcards
(155 cards)
1
Q
What is a homologous series?
A
Family of organic molecules.
2
Q
What are the properties of a homologous series?
A
Have same general formula.
Show similar chemical properties.
Show graduation in their physical properties.
Differ by a CH2 unit.
3
Q
What is a functional group?
A
Reactive group in an organic molecule.
4
Q
What are hydrocarbons?
A
Molecules that contain only hydrogen and carbon atoms.
5
Q
What are the products of crude oil from smallest molecules (25oC) to largest molecules (350oC)?
A
Refinery gases
Gasoline (petrol)
Naphtha
Kerosene
Diesel oil
Fuel oil
Residue
6
Q
What are the properties of the small molecules produced from crude oil?
A
Low boiling point.
Very volatile.
Flows easily.
Ignites easily.
7
Q
What are the properties of the large molecules produced from crude oil?
A
High boiling point.
Not very volatile.
Does not flow easily.
Does not ignite easily.
8
Q
What are the uses of refinery gases?
A
Bottled gas.
9
Q
What are the uses of gasoline (petrol)?
A
Fuel for cars.
10
Q
What are the uses of naphtha?
A
Making chemicals.
11
Q
What are the uses of kerosene?
A
Aircraft fuel.
12
Q
What are the uses of diesel oil?
A
Fuel for cars, lorries and buses.
13
Q
What are the uses of fuel oil?
A
Fuel for ships and power stations.
14
Q
What are the uses of residue?
A
Bitumen for roads and roofs.
15
Q
What process is used to turn crude oil into its products?
A
Fractional distillation.
16
Q
What are the 4 prefix’s used in organic chemistry.
A
Meth
Eth
Prop
But
17
Q
How many carbon atoms are contained in meth?
A
1
18
Q
How many carbon atoms are contained in eth?
A
2
19
Q
How many carbon atoms are contained in prop?
A
3
20
Q
How many carbon atoms are contained in but?
A
4
21
Q
What are the 4 homologous series used in organic chemistry?
A
Alkanes
Alkenes
Alcohols
Carboxylic acids
22
Q
What is the general formula for the alkanes?
A
CnH2n+2
23
Q
What are the names of each of the alkanes and the number of carbon atoms they contain?
A
Methane - 1
Ethane - 2
Propane - 3
Butane - 4
24
Q
What is the molecular formula for methane?
A
CH4
25
What is the molecular formula for ethane?
C2H6
26
What is the molecular formula for propane?
C3H8
27
What is the molecular formula for butane?
C4H10
28
What is the structural formula for methane?
H
-
H - C - H
-
H
29
What is the structural formula for ethane?
H H
- -
H - C - C - H
- -
H H
30
What is the structural formula for propane?
H H H
- - -
H - C - C - C - H
- - -
H H H
31
What is the structural formula for butane?
H H H H
- - - -
H - C - C - C - C - H
- - - -
H H H H
32
What is the colour and state of methane at room temperature and pressure?
Colourless gas.
33
What is the colour and state of ethane at room temperature and pressure?
Colourless gas.
34
What is the colour and state of propane at room temperature and pressure?
Colourless gas
35
What is the colour and state of butane at room temperature and pressure?
Colourless gas.
36
What is special about the alkanes?
They are saturated molecules.
37
What does saturated mean in the context of organic chemistry?
All the carbon-carbon bonds are single.
38
What are the 2 types of combustion that alkanes can carry out?
Complete combustion
Incomplete combustion
39
What is combustion?
Reaction of fuels with oxygen, forming oxides and release heat energy.
40
What is the word equation for the complete combustion of alkanes?
Alkane + Oxygen > Carbon dioxide + Water + Heat energy
41
What is the word equation for the incomplete combustion of alkanes?
Alkane + Insufficient oxygen > Carbon monoxide + Water + Heat energy
42
What are the pollutants produced from the combustion of fuels?
Carbon dioxide
Carbon monoxide
Soot (carbon particles)
Sulfur dioxide leading to acid rain
43
How is carbon dioxide formed from fuels?
Complete combustion of hydrocarbon fuels.
44
How is carbon monoxide formed from fuels?
Incomplete combustion of fuels.
45
How is soot formed from fuels?
Incomplete combustion of fuels.
46
What are the problems caused by carbon dioxide?
Greenhouse gas which leads to greenhouse effect - absorbs infrared radiation given off by Earth and causes Earth’s surface to warm leading to:
Sea level rises
Flooding
Climate change
47
What are the problems caused by carbon monoxide?
Toxic gas as combines with haemoglobin in blood, reducing capacity to carry oxygen.
48
What are the problems caused by soot?
Pollute air.
Cause lung damage and respiratory problems.
49
What is the function tonal group of all alkenes?
Carbon-carbon double bond (C=C).
50
What is the general formula for the alkenes?
CnH2n
51
What are the names of each of the alkenes and the number of carbon atoms they contain?
Ethene - 2
Propene - 3
But-1-ene - 4
But-2-ene - 4
52
What is the molecular formula for ethene?
C2H4
53
What is the molecular formula for propene?
C3H6
54
What is the molecular formula for but-1-ene?
C4H8
55
What is the molecular formula for but-2-ene?
C4H8
56
What is the structural formula for ethene?
H H
- -
H - C = C - H
57
What is the structural formula for propene?
H H H
- - -
H - C = C - C - H
-
H
58
What is the structural formula for but-1-ene?
H H H H
- - - -
H - C = C - C - C - H
- -
H H
59
Wha this the structural formula for but-2-ene?
H H H H
- - - -
H - C = C - C - C - H
- -
H H
60
What is the colour and state of ethene at room temperature and pressure?
Colourless gas.
61
What is the colour and state of propene at room temperature and pressure?
Colourless gas.
62
What is the colour and state of but-1-ene at room temperature and pressure?
Colourless gas.
63
What is the colour and state of but-2-ene at room temperature and pressure?
Colourless gas.
64
What is special about the alkenes?
Unsaturated so are more reactive than alkanes.
65
How is sulfur dioxide leading to acid rain formed from fuels?
Many fuels contain sulfur impurities which burn and produce acidic sulfur dioxide.
Sulfur dioxide reacts with water in atmosphere to form sulfurous aicd which falls as rain.
66
What is the symbol equation of the formation of sulfur dioxide?
S + O2 > SO2
67
What is the symbol equation of the formation of acid rain?
H2O + SO2 > H2SO3
68
What are the problems caused by acid rain?
Damage buildings, especially limestone buildings.
Damage vegetation.
Kill fish in lakes and rivers.
69
What are the 2 types of reactions that alkenes can carry out?
Combustion
Addition reactions
70
What is the word equation for the complete combustion of alkenes?
Alkene + Oxygen > Carbon dioxide + Water + Heat energy
71
What is the word equation for the incomplete combustion of alkenes?
Alkene + Limited oxygen > Carbon monoxide + Water + Heat energy
72
What colour flame do alkenes burn with?
Orange flame
73
What additions reactions can alkenes carry out?
With bromine
With hydrogen
With steam
74
What is the structural formula equation for the addition reaction of ethene with bromine?
H H H H
- - - -
H - C = C - H + Br2 > H - C - C - H
- -
Br Br
75
What is the balanced symbol equation for the addition reaction of ethene with bromine?
C2H4 + Br2 > C2H4Br2
76
What are the conditions required for the addition reaction of ethene with bromine?
Room temperature
77
What are the observations for the addition reaction of ethene with bromine?
Bromine water changes from orange to colourless.
78
What is the structural formula equation for the addition reaction of ethene with hydrogen?
H H H H
- - - -
H - C = C - H + H2 > H - C - C - H
- -
H H
79
What is the balanced symbol equation equation for the addition reaction of ethene with hydrogen?
C2H4 + H2 > C2H6
80
What are the conditions required for the addition reaction of ethene with hydrogen?
Temperature 150oC
Catalyst of nickel
81
What are the observations for the addition reaction of ethene with hydrogen?
Double bonds broken and unsaturated fats become saturated fats.
82
What is the structural formula equation for the addition reaction of ethene with steam?
H H H H
- - - -
H - C = C - H + H2O > H - C - C - H
- -
H OH
83
What is the balanced symbol equation for the addition reaction of ethene with steam?
C2H4 + H2O > C2H5OH
84
What are the conditions required for the addition reaction of ethene with steam?
Catalyst
High temperature
85
What are the observations for the addition reaction of ethene with steam?
An alcohol is formed.
86
What is the general equation for additional polymerisation?
\ / - -
n C = C > [ - C - C - ]
/ \ - - n
87
What is a polymer?
Long chain molecule made from joining small molecules together.
88
What is a monomer?
Small molecule that combines with other monomers to make a polymer.
89
What are the 2 equations for the formation of a polymer?
Ethene (monomer) > poly(Ethene) (polymer)
Chloroethene (monomer) > poly(chloroethene) (polymer)
90
What is the structural formula equation for the addition reaction of the monomer ethene?
H H H H
- - - -
n C = C > [ - C - C - ]
- - - -
H H H H n
91
What is the structural formula equation for the addition reaction of the monomer chloroethene?
H Cl H Cl
- - - -
n C = C > [ - C - C - ]
- - - -
H H H H n
92
What are the 3 methods of disposal of polymers?
Landfill
Incineration
Recycling
93
What are the advantages of using landfill to dispose of polymers?
Cheap - waste transported to local site, so not much money needed to transport it.
94
What are the disadvantages of using landfill to dispose of polymers?
Wastes land that could be used for building or agriculture.
Eyesore and cause visual pollution.
95
What are the advantages of using incineration to dispose of polymers?
Heat energy produced during incineration which can be used to generate electricity.
96
What are the disadvantages of using incineration to dispose of polymers?
Polluting gases released, e.g. CO2, which can cause global warming, and toxic gases, e.g. dioxins.
High cost to buy incinerator.
97
What is the general formula for alcohols?
CnH2n+1OH
98
What is the functional group for all the alcohols?
-OH group.
99
What are the names of each of the alcohols and the number of carbon atoms they contain?
Methanol - 1
Ethanol - 2
Propan-1-ol - 3
Propan-2-ol - 4
100
What is the molecular formula for methanol?
CH3OH
101
What is the molecular formula for ethanol?
C2H5OH
102
What is the molecular formula for propan-1-ol?
C3H7OH
103
What is the molecular formula for propan-2-ol?
C3H7OH
104
What is the structural formula for methanol?
H
-
H - C - OH
-
H
105
What is the structural formula for ethanol?
H H
- -
H - C - C - OH
- -
H H
106
What is the structural formula for propan-1-ol?
H H H
- - -
H - C - C - C - OH
- - -
H H H
107
What is the structural formula for propan-2-ol?
H H H
- - -
H - C - C - C - OH
- - -
H H H
108
What is the colour and state of methanol at room temperature and pressure?
Colourless liquid.
109
What is the colour and state of ethanol at room temperature and pressure?
Colourless liquid.
110
What is the colour and state of propan-1-ol at room temperature and pressure?
Colourless liquid.
111
What is the colour and state of propan-2-ol at room temperature and pressure?
Colourless liquid.
112
What is the word equation for the combustion of alcohols?
Alcohol + Oxygen > Carbon dioxide + Water + ENERGY
113
What colour of flame do all alcohols burn with?
Clean blue flame.
114
What are the 2 reactions of alcohols?
By air
By acidified potassium dichromate
115
What is the word equation for the reaction of alcohols with air?
Alcohol + Oxygen > Carboxylic acid
116
What is the structural formula equation for the reaction of alcohols with air?
H H H O
- - - //
H - C - C - OH + O2 > H - C - C
- - - \\
H H H O - H
117
What is the formula for acidified potassium dichromate?
K2Cr2O7
118
What are the conditions required for the reaction between alcohols and acidified potassium dichromate?
Warm alcohol.
119
What are the observations for the reaction between alcohols and acidified potassium dichromate?
K2Cr2O7 changes from orange to green.
Alcohol converted into carboxylic acid.
120
How is alcohol made?
By fermentation.
121
What are the conditions for making alcohol by fermentation?
Sugars dissolved in solution.
In presence of yeast.
At warm temperature (not above 37oC).
In absence of air.
122
What is the word equation for making alcohol by fermentation?
Sugar + Yeast > Ethanol + Oxygen
123
What is the general formula of all carboxylic acids?
CnH2n+1COOH
124
What is the functional group of all carboxylic acids?
-COOH
125
What are the names of each of the carboxylic acids and the number of carbon atoms they contain?
Methanoic acid - 1
Ethanoic acid - 2
Propanoic acid - 3
Butanoic acid - 4
126
What is the molecular formula of methanoic acid?
HCOOH
127
What is the molecular formula of ethanoic acid?
CH3COOH
128
What is the molecular formula of propanoic acid?
C2H5COOH
129
What is the molecular formula of butanoic acid?
C3H7COOH
130
What is the structural formula of methanoic acid?
O
//
H - C
\
OH
131
What is the structural formula of ethanoic acid?
H O
- //
H - C - C
- \
H OH
132
What is the structural formula of propanoic acid?
H H O
- - //
H - C - C - C
- - \
H H OH
133
What is the structural formula of butanoic acid?
H H H O
- - - //
H - C - C - C - C
- - - \
H H H OH
134
What is special about all carboxylic acids?
Weak acids as only partially ionise in water.
135
What are the 3 reactions of carboxylic acids?
Magnesium
Sodium hydroxide
Sodium carbonate
136
What is the word equation for the reaction between ethanoic acid and magnesium?
Ethanoic acid + Magnsium > Magnesium ehtanoate + Hygdrogen
137
What is the balanced symbol equation for the reaction between ethanoic acid and magnesium?
2Mg + 2CH3COOH > 2(CH3COO)2Mg + H2
138
What are the observations for the reaction between ethanoic acid and magnesium?
Bubbles.
Grey solid magnesium disappears.
Colourless solution produced.
Heat released.
139
What is the word equation for the reaction between ethanoic acid and sodium hydroxide?
Ethanoic acid + sodium hydroxide > Sodium ethanoate + Water
140
What is the balanced symbol equation for the reaction between ethanoic acid and sodium hydroxide?
NaOH + CH3COOH > CH3COONa + H2O
141
What are the observations for the reaction between ethanoic acid and sodium hydroxide?
Solution remains colourless.
Heat released.
142
What is the word equation for the reaction between ethanoic acid and sodium carbonate?
Ethanoic acid + Sodium carbonate > Sodium ethanoate + Carbon dioxide + Water
143
What is the balanced symbol equation for the reaction between ethanoic acid and sodium carbonate?
Na2CO3 + 2CH3COOH > 2CH3COONa + CO2 + H2O
144
What are the observations for the reaction between ethanoic acid and sodium carbonate?
White solid sodium carbonate disappears.
Colourless solution produced.
Bubbles.
Heat released.
145
What occurs in the burning of cabrolxylic acids?
Do not burn easily.
146
What is the difference between the burning of alkanes and alkenes?
Alkene flame is sootier.
147
What colour flame do all alkanes burn with?
Orange flame.
148
What is observed when each of the homologous series are tested with bromine water?
Alkane - stays orange solution
Alkene - changes from orange solution to colourless
Alcohol - stays orange solution
Carboxylic acid - stays orange solution
149
What is observed when each of the homologous series are tested with warm acidified potassium dichromate?
Alkane - stays orange solution
Alkene - stays orange solution
Alcohol - orange solution changes to green solution
Carboxylic acid - stays orange solution
150
What is observed when each of the homologous series are tested with solid sodium carbonate?
Alkane - no reaction
Alkene - no reaction
Alcohol - no reaction
Carboxylic acid - bubbles as carbon dioxide formed
151
What is observed when each of the homologous series are tested with magnesium?
Alkane - no reaction
Alkene - no reaction
Alcohol - no reaction
Carboxylic acid - bubbles as hydrogen formed
152
What is the cracking of hydrocarbons?
Breakdown of large saturated hydrocarbons (alkanes) into smaller more useful ones, some of which are unsaturated (alkenes).
153
Wha this the general equation for the cracking of hydrocarbons?
Longer alkanes > Shorter alkanes + alkenes
154
What are the shorter alkanes produced from the cracking of hydrocarbons used for?
Used as fuels.
155
What are the alkenes produced from the cracking of hydrocarbons used for?
Used to make many useful substances including polymers.
