Organic Chemistry Flashcards
(27 cards)
relative bond strength
Refers to the strength of different types of chemical bonds and how they compare to each other. For example, covalent bonds are generally stronger than intermolecular forces like hydrogen bonding. Within covalent bonds, triple bonds are stronger than double bonds, which are stronger than single bonds.
degree of unsaturation
structural isomers
Molecules that have the same molecular formula but differ in their atomic arrangement or bonding
bond energy and bond length relationship
shorter bonds are generally stronger and have higher bond energies, while longer bonds are weaker and have lower bond energies. This is because a shorter bond length indicates a more favorable overlap of atomic orbitals, leading to a stronger and more stable bond.
electronegativity
an atom’s ability to attract electrons towards itself when forming a chemical bond
Bond length
The distance between the nuclei of two bonded atoms.
Bond energy
The energy required to break a specific bond in a molecule
Alkanes
are saturated hydrocarbons that have only single carbon-carbon bonds in their structures. general formula of alkanes is CnH2n+2. Alkanes are usually arranged as linear chains or branched chains however, some alkanes can be organised in a cyclic manner.
Alkenes
are unsaturated hydrocarbons that have at least one carbon-carbon double bond in their carbon chain.
general formula of alkenes is CnH2n
Alkynes
are also unsaturated hydrocarbons, they have at least one carbon-carbon triple bond in their carbon chain.
general formula of alkynes is CnH2n–2
Haloalkanes
Haloalkanes are formed by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms in the carbon chain of alkanes with a halogen; atoms found in group 17 of the periodic table.
Amines
Primary amines have two hydrogen atoms and one alkyl group bonded to the nitrogen atom, whereas secondary and tertiary amines have two and three alkyl groups bonded to the nitrogen respectively.
lone pair of electrons which affect the properties of amines.
Amides
In primary amides, the nitrogen atom is bonded to two hydrogen atoms and one C=O bond. The primary amide functional group is CONH2.
Alcohols
Alcohols are derivatives of hydrocarbons with hydroxyl (OH) group(s) bonded to the carbon atom(s) in the carbon chain.
primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols
Aldehydes & Ketones
Aldehydes and ketones are compounds that have a carbonyl group (C=O) in their structures.
The key distinguishing characteristic between ketones and aldehydes is that the carbonyl group in aldehydes is found at the end of the carbon chain whereas in ketones, the carbonyl group is bonded to a carbon within the carbon chain.
Carboxylic Acids
Carboxylic acids contain a carboxyl group (COOH) always found at the end of the carbon chain.
As the carboxyl group has the capacity to donate its H+ into a solution, it is able to act as a weak acid.
Name the reaction, conditions and reagents for an Alkane to haloalkane
Substitution
UV light
Cl2 or F2 etc.
Name the reaction, conditions and reagents for an Haloalkane to Primary Alcohol
Substitution
OH-
Name the reaction, conditions and reagents for an primary alcohol to carboxylic acid
Partial oxidation
acidified H+ dichromate ion or
acidified H+ manganate ion
produced an aldehyde first
Full oxidation
acidified H+ dichromate ion or
acidified H+ manganate ion
Name the reaction, conditions and reagents for oxidation of secondary alcohol
acidified H+ dichromate ion or
acidified H+ manganate ion
produces a ketone
Name the reaction, conditions and reagents for alkene to haloakane
Addition reaction
HCl or HF or HBr or HI
Name the reaction, conditions and reagents for alkene to primary alcohol
addition reaction
phosphoric acid
steam
70 atm
300 degrees C
Name the reaction, conditions and reagents for condensation/ esterification
Conc. sulfuric acid
(need an alcohol and a carboxylic acid)
Name the reaction, conditions and reagents for condensation producing an amide
No conditions required
