organic chemistry

Question 1

alkanes

Answer 1

CnH2n+2

Question 2

alkenes

Answer 2

CnH2n

Question 3

alcohols

Answer 3

CnH2n+1OH

Question 4

carboxylic acids

Answer 4

CnH2n+1COOH
n = C-1

Question 5

functional group

Answer 5

atom or group of atoms that determine the chemical properties of a homologous series

Question 6

structural formula

Answer 6

unambiguous description of how the atoms on a molecule are arranged

Question 7

structural isomers

Answer 7

compounds with same molecular formula but different structural formula

Question 8

homologous series

Answer 8

a family of compounds with similar chemical properties due to presence of same functional group

Question 9

saturated compounds

Answer 9

all carbon-carbon bonds are single

Question 10

unsaturated compounds

Answer 10

one or more carbon-carbon bonds not single

Question 11

homologous features

Answer 11

• same general formula
• same functional group
• similar chemical properties
• trend in physical properties
• differ by -CH2- unit

Question 12

fossil fuels

Answer 12

coal + natural gas + petroleum

Question 13

main in natural gas

Answer 13

methane

Question 14

petroleum

Answer 14

mixture of hydrocarbons

Question 15

up petroleums

Answer 15

• shorter chain
• more volatile
• lower mp
• lower viscosity

Question 16

refinery gas

Answer 16

heating + cooking

Question 17

petrol/gasoline

Answer 17

fuel for cars

Question 18

naphtha

Answer 18

chemical feedstock

Question 19

kerosene/paraffin

Answer 19

jet fuel

Question 20

diesel

Answer 20

fuel for diesel engines

Question 21

fuel oil

Answer 21

fuel for ships + some heating

Question 22

lubricating oil

Answer 22

lubricants + waxes + polishes

Question 23

bitumen

Answer 23

making roads

Question 24

alkane reactivity

Answer 24

generally unreactive except combustion + substitution

Question 25

substitution

Answer 25

one aton/group replaced by another atom/group

Question 26

alkanes + chlorine

Answer 26

- photochemical - UV provides activation energy

Question 27

cracking conditions

Answer 27

- high temperature (500) - heated catalyst (Al2O3)

Question 28

cracking reasons

Answer 28

- getting hydrogen - produce alkenes for synthetic processes - extra gasoline

Question 29

test for unsaturation

Answer 29

decolourises aqueous bromine

Question 30

addition reaction

Answer 30

only 1 product

Question 31

bromination

Answer 31

dibromoalkane

Question 32

hydrogenation

Answer 32

alkane

Question 33

hydration

Answer 33

alcohol

Question 34

fermentation advantages

Answer 34

- renewable materials - less energy

Question 35

fermentation disadvantages

Answer 35

- slow - impure so more process

Question 36

catalytic advantages

Answer 36

- fast - pure

Question 37

catalytic disadvantages

Answer 37

- non-renewable - more energy + cost

Question 38

ethanol used

Answer 38

solvent + fuel

Question 39

carboxylic acid formation

Answer 39

oxidation with acidified potassium manganate (vii) + bacterial oxidation during vinegar production

Question 40

polymer

Answer 40

large molecule made up of many smaller molecules called monomers

Question 41

polymer use

Answer 41

plastics

Question 42

plastic challenges

Answer 42

- disposal in landfill - accumulation in oceans - toxic gases from burning

Question 43

polyamides

Answer 43

dicarboxylic acid + diamine (nylon)

Question 44

polyester

Answer 44

dicarboxylic acid + diol (PET)

Question 45

natural polyamide

Answer 45

proteins