Organic Chemistry

Question 1

Organic Chemistry

Answer 1

Study of carbon-containing compounds (typically contain hydrogen as well)

Question 2

Why is carbon so special?

Answer 2

1. C bonds reliably (4x) and forms specific shapes
2. Forms linear, trigonal planar, and tetrahedral shapes
3. C and H have similar electronegativities (2.5 and 2.1), which means you can have large nonpolar areas in molecules
4. C-C and C-H bonds are not very reactive

Question 3

Functional Groups

Answer 3

Reactive groups attached to the carbon backbone

Question 4

How do you draw skeletal/line structure?

Answer 4

1. C at the end of each line unless another atom is written
2. 2 H on inner corners and 3 H at ends

Question 5

Condensed formula

Answer 5

Chemical formula that can represent how an organic structure might form, like the order of C and H

Question 6

Isomer

Answer 6

Compounds with the same formula but the connectivity or spatial arrangement is different

Question 7

Degrees of Unsaturation

Answer 7

Tells you how many fewer hydrogen to expect for a saturated C chain

Question 8

Formula to count H

Answer 8

C(n) H(2n+2)

Question 9

Degrees of unsaturation for
double bond -
triple bond -
ring -

Answer 9

double bond - 1
triple bond - 2
ring - 1

Question 10

How do you calculate the real amount of H if you know the number of C and degrees of unsaturation?

Answer 10

1. Get the expected number with formula [C(n) H(2n+2)] and degrees of unsat
2. Multiply degrees of unsat by 2
3. Subtract the multiplied degrees from the expected H

Question 11

Rules for getting degrees of unsat in molecules with atoms other than C and H

Answer 11

1. O does not impact # of H
2. N removes 1 H from the sat formula
3. Halogens will be counted like 1 H

Question 12

Constitutional isomers

Answer 12

Same formula, different bond connectivity

Question 13

Geometric isomers

Answer 13

Same formula, same connectivity, different spatial arrangement

Question 14

Enantiomer (optical) isomer

Answer 14

Molecule with a chirality center whose mirror images are nonsuperimposable

Question 15

Chirality Center

Answer 15

Carbon with four different groups attached

Question 16

How many C are attached to
primary
secondary
tertiary
quaternary

Answer 16

1
2
3
4

Question 17

What is the prefix for each number of c in the chain? 1-10

Answer 17

meth
eth
prop
but
pent
hex
hept
oct
non
dec

Question 18

The four parent chain types

Answer 18

/\/\ alkane
/=/ alkene
–=– alkyne
|=| cycloalkane

Question 19

The two substituent types

Answer 19

>

• halo/halide
  +alkyle

Question 20

How do you name organic molecules?

Answer 20

1. Identify parent chain substiuents
2. Give the substituents prefixes and alphabetize them, with hypens in between
3. Indicate a double bond in the parent chain by prefix - position number - ene

Question 21

What takes priority when numbering C in the parent chain?

Answer 21

Whichever end is closest to the substituents, if multiple substituents, then whichever one has the most C in the chain

Question 22

How do you determine resonance?

Answer 22

1. ## Rotate the bond and charge/\ — /=
2. A bond with a negative can be shifted to become a double bond
3. The number of C on H will remain the same

Question 23

A C+ can shift a double bond…

Answer 23

But the + cannot turn into a bond, and can only skip around

Question 24

Electrophile

Answer 24

Attracted to electrons and attacks areas og high e- density

Question 25

Nucleophile

Answer 25

Attacks "+" or areas of low e- density

Question 26

Substitution

Answer 26

Changes elements

Question 27

Addition

Answer 27

Add H/other elements

Question 28

Isomerization

Answer 28

Bond shifts

Question 29

Elimination

Answer 29

Remove element

Question 30

H+ transfer

Answer 30

Acid-base interaction