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Chemistry 2025 > Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry Flashcards

(42 cards)

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1
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

It is a series of organic compounds that have a similar chemical structure and chemical properties

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2
Q

What are organic compounds?

A

They are compounds consisting of carbon atoms most commonly covalently bonded to hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphorous or oxygen atoms

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3
Q

Organic compounds in the same homologous series generally have…

A

-similar physical and chemical properties
-similar structure
-same general formula

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4
Q

Define a Functional group

A

Specific groups of atoms within a compound that affect the properties of the compound

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5
Q

Suffix, prefix and general formula for alkane

A

CnH2n+2, -ane, alkyl

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6
Q

Suffix, prefix and general formula for alkenes

A

CnH2n, -ene, alkenyl

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7
Q

Suffix, prefix and general formula for Haloalkanes

A

Cn2n+1X, prefix=chloro,fluro,iodo etc

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8
Q

Suffix, prefix and general formula for primary amines

A

CnH2n+1NH2, -amine, amino

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9
Q

How do you know whether to use suffix or prefix?

A

Whichever functional group has the highest priority acts as the suffix

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10
Q

Suffix, prefix and general formula for alcohols

A

CnH2n+1OH, -ol, hydroxy

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11
Q

Suffix, prefix and general formula for aldehydes

A

CnH2nO (carbon to oxygen double bond at end of molecule), -al, formyl

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12
Q

Suffix, prefix and general formula for ketones

A

CnH2nO (carbon to oxygen double bond in middle of molecule), -one, oxo

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13
Q

Suffix, prefix and general formula for carboxylic acids

A

CnH2n+1COOH, -oic acid, carboxyl

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14
Q

Suffix, prefix and general formula for esters

A

CnH2n+1COOCmH2m+1, -oate, alkocarbonyl

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15
Q

How do you know where to label esters?

A

NEVER get parent chain from the carbons bonded to the oxygen in the functional group

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16
Q

Between ethane, pentane and octane, which compound would you expect to have the highest boiling point and why?

A

Octane, because it requires increased energy to disrupt all the dispersion forces. It has more dispersion forces than the others

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17
Q

Between pentane and pentanol, which compound would you expect to have a higher boiling point and why?

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A

I would expect pentanol to have higher boiling point because has hydrogen bonding which requires more energy to disrupt

18
Q

What are isomers?

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A

Different structure, same general formula

19
Q

What are the types of reactions alkanes can undertake and what are the conditions required?

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A

As alkanes are saturated, are limited. They can do substitution reactions. Generally with halogens (e.g Br-Br) Conditions are UV light,

20
Q

What kind of substitution reaction can haloalkanes undertake?

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A

Haloalkanes can be passed through sodium or potassium hydroxide to produce alcohols. The haloalkane reacts with OH- to form alcohol. Show OH- on arrow and then alcohol produced + Cl- eg

21
Q

Saturated vs unsaturated?

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A

Saturated = only single C-C bonds
Unsaturated = at least one double C-C bond

22
Q

What are the four types of addition reactions alkenes can undergo?

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A

Hydrogenation, Hydrohalegenation, halogenation, hydration

23
Q

Explain hydrogenation

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A

Alkenes react with hydrogen gas (H-H) to produce an alkane. Conditions are nickel catalyst and 150 degrees temp

24
Q

Explain halogenation

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A

Alkenes react with a halide (eg chlorine) to produce a haloalkane) Conditions are room temp (standard lab conditions).

25
Explain hydrohalogenation
Alkene reacts with hydrogen halide to produce a haloalkane. Conditions are room temp (standard lab conditions)
26
Explain hydration of alkenes
Alkene reacts with steam to produce an alcohol. Conditions are phosphoric acid catalyst, 300 degrees celsius and 60-70atm
27
Explain the hydrolysis of an ester
Ester link is broken and produces a carboxylic acid and an alcohol. basically ester reacts with water, H+ on reaction line
28
Explain the two ways to produce ethanol
1. From steam: ethene+h20> (300degrees, 70atma and H3PO4 cat) ethanol 2. Fermentation of glucose: C6H12O6 > (yeast catalyst) 2CO2 + 2C2H5OH
29
What are the uses of ethanol?
Solvent in perfumes, inks, glues, fuels, to make esters
30
Explain the oxidation of primary alcohols
Primary alcohols are oxidised by a strong oxidising agent such as acidified permanganate or dichromate solution to form aldehydes and carboxylic acids. PARTIAL OXIDATION PRODUCES AN ALDEHYDE FULL OXIDATION PRODUCES AN CARBOXYLIC ACID on the arrow for reaction write MnO4- or Cr2O72- on top and then H+ on bottom
31
Explain the oxidation of secondary alcohols
They are oxidised by K2Cr2O7 on top of arrow and then H+ on bottom of arrow to form ketones
32
Explain the formation of esters
Formed by reaction between alcohol and acid, sometimes referred to as condensation or esterification reaction. produces water and ester
33
Explain substitution synthesis of primary amines
Haloalkane reacts with amonnia > amine + halogen acid. Conditions are excess ammonia (NH3)
34
Define a polymer
Covalent molecular substance made of many repeating units called monomers
35
Define a monomer
Molecule that can react with many other molecules to form a larger molecule (polymer)
36
What is the difference between addition polymerisation and condensation polymerisation?
Addition polymerization forms polymers by adding monomers with unsaturated bonds (like C=C) without any byproducts, while condensation polymerization forms polymers with the removal of small molecules (like water) from bi-functional or tri-functional monomers.
37
Alcohol and acid >>>
Ester and a by product like water !
38
What is a LDPE?
Low density polyethene. High temp and pressure
39
What is a HDPE?
High density polyethene. Low temp and low pressue
40
What two groups can polymers be classified into and based on what?
It is on the basis of their behaviour when heated. 1. Thermoplastic polymers 2. Thermosetting polymer
41
Explain thermoplastic polymers
Used in things like plastic bags, toys. When heated, molecules have enough energy to overcome intermolecular forces and become free to move and slip past each other. Can be easily reshaped/remoulded.
42
Explain therosetting polymers
Tableware, handles on cookware. They decompose or burn when heated. They do not soften because the bonds between the chains are very strong.

Chemistry 2025 (6 decks)

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