Organic Chemistry

Question 1

What are all the Reactions of Alkanes

Answer 1

• Cracking
• Combustion
• Chlorination and Bromination (substitution)

Question 2

Cracking of Alkanes

Answer 2

Alkane -heat/catalyst——> Smaller Alkane + Smaller Alkene

Question 3

Combustion of Alkanes

Answer 3

Alkane + O2 —ignite excess oxygen—> CO2 + H2O

Question 4

Chlorination/ Bromination of Alkanes

Answer 4

Alkane+ X2 —–UV Light Energy —-> Haloalkane +HX

Question 5

All Reactions of Alkenes

Answer 5

• Alkene + Hydrogen Halide —-> Haloalkane
• Alkene —-Acidified H2O —–> Alcohol
• Alkene + X2 —-> Dihaloalkane
• Alkene —-H2—–Pt—> Alkane
• Alkene —-Acidified MnO4- —-REFLUX—–> di-ol

Question 6

MP/BP of Alkanes

Answer 6

bonded by weak intermolecular forces and are non polar, thus low MP, longer the chain, the higher the mp due to stronger bonds between molecules.

Question 7

MP/BP of Alkenes

Answer 7

bonded by weak intermolecular forces and are non polar, thus low MP, longer the chain, the higher the mp due to stronger bonds between molecules.

Question 8

Solubility of Alkanes and Alkenes

Answer 8

Insoluble in Water due to being non polar molecules. Compared to H2O which has slightly negative O and Slightly positive H, so they are not soluble and it is immiscible with water forming two separate layers. Smaller Chain Alkanes are less dense than water and will float on top

Question 9

Alkene + Hydrogen Halide

Answer 9

Addition Reaction Alkene + Hydrogen Halide —> Haloalkane (Markovniks Rule)

Question 10

Alkene —-Acidified H2O->

Answer 10

Addition Reaction Alkene —-Acidified H2O —–> Alcohol (Markovniks Rule)

Question 11

Alkene + X2 —->

Answer 11

Addition Reaction Alkene + X2 —-> Dihaloalkane (Markovniks Rule)

Question 12

Alkene —-H2—–Pt-heat—->

Answer 12

Alkene —-H2—–Pt—> Alkane Addition Reaction (Markovniks Rule)

Question 13

Alkene —-Acidified MnO4- —-REFLUX—–>

Answer 13

Oxidation Reaction Alkene —-Acidified MnO4- —-REFLUX—–> di-ol

Question 14

Alkene —-heat/Dilute H2sO4—–>

Answer 14

Alkene —-heat/Dilute H2sO4—–> Alcohol

Question 15

why mp/bp increase alkene and alkane chain length

Answer 15

molar mass increases, larger the molar mass, more total valence electrons available, which can randomly cluster to one side of the molecule making an instantaneous polar end - thereby creating a stronger bond to another molecule’s instantaneous polar end

Question 16

comparison of alkane and alkene mp/bp

Answer 16

each alkene has 2 fewer electrons than the alkane counterpart, thus decreasing the strength in the molecular bonds which decreases the bp of alkenes

Question 17

requirements for cis trans isomerism

Answer 17

C=C Double Bond (or ring structure):
Prevents rotation, allowing for fixed positions of substituents.

Each carbon of the double bond must have two different groups attached:

If either carbon has two of the same groups, cis–trans isomerism is not possible.

Question 18

why geometric isomerism

Answer 18

Unlike single bonds, double bonds cannot freely rotate, due to the rigid π (pi) bond. This fixed shape allows different spatial arrangements to be “locked in.”

Question 19

Alkene —Monomers+heat+catalyst+pressure—>

Answer 19

Alkene —Monomers+heat+catalyst+pressure—>Polymer

Question 20

Alkene —H+/MnO4- (reflux) —->

Answer 20

Alkene —H+/MnO4- —-> Diol

Question 21

Haloalkane —-NH3+heat——>

Answer 21

Haloalkane —-NH3+heat——> Amine

Question 22

Amine Acid or Base

Answer 22

Base
- Turns red litmus blue
turns green UI blue

Question 23

Haloalkane—–KOH(alc)+heat—->

Answer 23

Haloalkane—–KOH(alc)+heat—-> Alkene

Question 24

Haloalkane —KOH(aq)+heat—->

Answer 24

Haloalkane —KOH(aq)+heat—-> Alcohol

Question 25

Haloalkane-> Alcohol

Answer 25

Haloalkane ---KOH(aq)+heat----> Alcohol

Question 26

Haloalkane-> Alkene

Answer 26

Haloalkane-----KOH(alc)+heat----> Alkene

Question 27

Haloalkane -> Amine

Answer 27

Haloalkane ----NH3+heat------> Amine

Question 28

Alkene-> Diol

Answer 28

Alkene ----Acidified MnO4- ----REFLUX-----> Diol

Question 29

Alkene ---> Alcohol

Answer 29

Alkene---H2O/H+,heat----> Alcohol

Question 30

Alkene->Dihaloalkane

Answer 30

Alkene+X2---->Dihaloalkane

Question 31

Alkenes ---> Polymer

Answer 31

Alkene---heat+pressure+catalyst+monomers---> Polymer

Question 32

Alkenes ---> Alkanes

Answer 32

Alkenes----H2----Pt, heat---Alkane

Question 33

Alkenes ----> Haloalkane

Answer 33

Alkene +HX -----> Haloalkane

Question 34

Alkanes--->Haloalkane

Answer 34

Alkane +X2 -----UV light/heat----> Haloalkane

Question 35

Alcohol ----Conc. H2sO4--->

Answer 35

Alcohol ----Conc. H2sO4--->Alkene

Question 36

Alcohol----> Alkene

Answer 36

Alcohol ----Conc. H2sO4--->Alkene

Question 37

Alcohol---MnO4-/H+ (heat)--->

Answer 37

Alcohol---MnO4-/H+ (heat)--->Carboxylic Acid

Question 38

Alcohol---> Carboxylic Acid

Answer 38

Alcohol---MnO4-/H+ (heat)--->Carboxylic Acid

Question 39

Alcohol----SOCl2/PCl5/PCl3---->

Answer 39

Alcohol----SOCl2/PCl5/PCl3----> Haloalkane

Question 40

Alcohol--->Haloalkane

Answer 40

Alcohol----SOCl2/PCl5/PCl3----> Haloalkane

Question 41

Carboxylic Acid/Base

Answer 41

Acid - blue litmus ->red - UI from green to orange

Question 42

Alcohol Polarity

Answer 42

Smaller Alcohols are very polar as the difference in electronegativity between the O-H bond is very high. However polarity gets weaker with chain length

Question 43

Alcohol Solubility

Answer 43

- Smaller- Soluble due to high polarity - Larger- Weaker due to lower polarity

Question 44

Alcohol B.P

Answer 44

Tends to be Higher than other organic compounds due to the presence of the polar OH group, which makes intermolecular forces stronger. Increases w/ chain length

Question 45

Amine Solubility

Answer 45

- Lower chain amines have higher solubility due to the polar N-H bonds

Question 46

RNH2+H2O (Amine + Water) --->

Answer 46

RNH2+H2O--->RNH3+ + OH- (alkylammonium ion+hydroxide ion)

Question 47

Amine+Acid--->

Answer 47

Alkylammonium___ ion + Water

Question 48

Carboxylic Acid+Metal

Answer 48

Carboxylic Acid+Metal-> Metal Salt (ethanoate) + H2

Question 49

Carboxylic Acid + Water

Answer 49

Carboxylic Acid + Water----> -anoate ion + H3O+

Question 50

Carboxylic Acid + Carbonate (Weak base)

Answer 50

Carboxylic Acid + Carbonate (Weak base)---> Carboxylic Salt+CO2+Water

Question 51

Carboxylic Acid + Base

Answer 51

Carboxylic Acid + Base ---> Carboxylic Salt+ H2O

Question 52

Carboxylic Acid + Amine

Answer 52

Carboxylic Acid + Amine ---> ---- alkylammonium -anoate salt + water

Question 53

Carboxylic Acid B.P

Answer 53

- High B.P , due to functional group, increases with chain length.

Question 54

Carboxylic Acid Miscibility with Water

Answer 54

<10 completely miscible in water due to formation of H bonds with water.

Question 55

Carboxylic Acid Polarity

Answer 55

- Polar as smaller molecules, but non polar as larger molecules

Question 56

B.P of Haloalkanes

Answer 56

- higher than hydrocarbons due to the halogen group attached - Increases with chain length

Question 57

Solubility of Haloalkanes

Answer 57

- Slightly soluble in water - relatively large amount of energy required to break bonds between halogen and carbon -smaller amount of energy released when bond is formed w/ water.

Question 58

Polymer reactivity

Answer 58

- unreactive compared to monomers due to the single C-C bonds being less reactive than the C=C double bonds.

Question 59

when being reduced, what color does MnO4- turn into

Answer 59

purple->colourless

Question 60

when being reduced, what color does dichromate turn into

Answer 60

orange---> green

Question 61

functional group priority

Answer 61

Carboxylic Acid Alcohol Amine Alkene Alkyne Haloalkane Alkane