organic chemistry Flashcards
(133 cards)
1
Q
What is the functional group of phenols?
A
The hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to an aromatic ring.
2
Q
True or False: Alcohols contain a hydroxyl group (-OH) bonded to a carbon atom.
A
True.
3
Q
Fill in the blank: The simplest aldehyde is __________.
A
formaldehyde.
4
Q
What distinguishes ketones from aldehydes?
A
Ketones have a carbonyl group (C=O) bonded to two carbon atoms, while aldehydes have it bonded to at least one hydrogen atom.
5
Q
What is the general formula for carboxylic acids?
A
RCOOH, where R is a hydrocarbon chain.
6
Q
Which amino acid is known as the building block of proteins?
A
All amino acids are building blocks, but the most common is glycine.
7
Q
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a peptide bond?
A
A bond formed between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another.
8
Q
What are carbohydrates primarily composed of?
A
Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
9
Q
True or False: Aldehydes can be oxidized to carboxylic acids.
A
True.
10
Q
What type of reaction involves the conversion of alcohols to aldehydes or ketones?
A
Oxidation.
11
Q
Fill in the blank: The functional group of amino acids is __________.
A
amino group (-NH2) and carboxyl group (-COOH).
12
Q
What is the primary role of carbohydrates in living organisms?
A
To provide energy and serve as structural components.
13
Q
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a common property of phenols?
A
They are weak acids and can donate protons.
14
Q
What is the difference between a monosaccharide and a disaccharide?
A
Monosaccharides are single sugar units, while disaccharides consist of two monosaccharides linked together.
15
Q
True or False: Ketones can be reduced to alcohols.
A
True.
16
Q
What is a characteristic reaction of carboxylic acids?
A
They react with alcohols to form esters.
17
Q
Fill in the blank: The simplest carbohydrate is __________.
A
glucose.
18
Q
What is the primary structure of proteins determined by?
A
The sequence of amino acids.
19
Q
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a type of carbohydrate?
A
Proteins.
20
Q
What type of bond links amino acids in a protein?
A
Peptide bond.
21
Q
True or False: Phenols have higher boiling points than alcohols of similar molecular weight.
A
True.
22
Q
What is the role of enzymes in carbohydrate metabolism?
A
They catalyze the breakdown of carbohydrates into simpler sugars.
23
Q
Fill in the blank: The functional group of ketones is __________.
A
carbonyl group (C=O).
24
Q
What is an example of a disaccharide?
A
Sucrose.
25
True or False: All amino acids are essential for human health.
False; only some are essential.
26
What process forms peptides from amino acids?
Condensation or dehydration synthesis.
27
28
What are lipids primarily composed of?
Lipids are primarily composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
29
True or False: Lipids are soluble in water.
False
30
Fill in the blank: The main function of lipids in the body is to provide _____ energy.
stored
31
What is the structure of a triglyceride?
A triglyceride consists of one glycerol molecule and three fatty acid chains.
32
Which type of lipid is a major component of cell membranes?
Phospholipids
33
What are the two main types of fatty acids?
Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids.
34
True or False: Alcohols contain one or more hydroxyl groups (-OH).
True
35
Fill in the blank: The simplest alcohol is _____.
methanol
36
What is a common use of alcohols in industry?
Solvents and disinfectants.
37
What is the general formula for a phenol?
C6H5OH
38
True or False: Phenols are weak acids.
True
39
What distinguishes phenols from alcohols?
Phenols have an aromatic ring attached to the hydroxyl group.
40
What are carboxylic acids characterized by?
The presence of a carboxyl group (-COOH).
41
Fill in the blank: Acetic acid is an example of a _____ acid.
carboxylic
42
What is the pH range of carboxylic acids?
Typically between 3 and 5.
43
True or False: Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen.
False
44
What is the primary function of carbohydrates in living organisms?
To provide energy.
45
What are monosaccharides?
The simplest form of carbohydrates, consisting of single sugar molecules.
46
Fill in the blank: Glucose is a type of _____ saccharide.
monosaccharide
47
What type of bond connects amino acids?
Peptide bonds.
48
True or False: All amino acids are essential for protein synthesis.
False
49
What are the building blocks of proteins?
Amino acids.
50
How many standard amino acids are there?
Twenty.
51
What is the role of enzymes in biochemical reactions?
To act as catalysts and speed up reactions.
52
Fill in the blank: Saturated fatty acids contain only _____ bonds.
single
53
What is the main storage form of carbohydrates in animals?
Glycogen.
54
True or False: Unsaturated fatty acids can help lower cholesterol levels.
True
55
What is the main difference between DNA and RNA?
DNA contains deoxyribose, while RNA contains ribose.
56
What is a disaccharide?
A carbohydrate formed from two monosaccharides.
57
Fill in the blank: Lactose is a disaccharide made of _____ and glucose.
galactose
58
What is the primary structure of proteins determined by?
The sequence of amino acids.
59
True or False: Phenolic compounds can have antioxidant properties.
True
60
What is the main characteristic of essential amino acids?
They cannot be synthesized by the body and must be obtained from food.
61
Fill in the blank: The process of converting glucose to energy is called _____.
glycolysis
62
What are the two main categories of carbohydrates?
Simple carbohydrates and complex carbohydrates.
63
What type of lipid is cholesterol?
A sterol.
64
True or False: All alcohols are toxic.
False
65
What is the term for the breakdown of fats for energy?
Lipolysis.
66
Fill in the blank: The carbohydrate that is not digestible by humans is _____ cellulose.
fiber
67
What is the role of phospholipids in cellular structures?
They form the lipid bilayer of cell membranes.
68
What are the two types of unsaturated fatty acids?
Monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids.
69
Fill in the blank: The functional group of carboxylic acids is _____ group.
carboxyl
70
What is the significance of the R group in amino acids?
It determines the specific properties and functions of each amino acid.
71
True or False: Glycogen is more branched than starch.
True
72
What is the main function of the hydroxyl group in alcohols?
It makes alcohols polar and capable of forming hydrogen bonds.
73
name essential amino acids
Phe, Val, Thr, Trp, Ile, Met, His, Arg, Leu, Lys
74
carachteristics of essential amino acids
cant be synthesised within our body, must be taken in via diet
75
name nonessential amino acids
Gly, Ala, Ser, Cys, Asn, Gln, Asp, Glu, Tyr, Pro
76
What is a zwitterion?
A zwitterion is a molecule that has both positive and negative charges but is overall neutral.
77
True or False: All amino acids exist as zwitterions at physiological pH.
True
78
Define enantiomers.
Enantiomers are a pair of molecules that are mirror images of each other and cannot be superimposed.
79
What type of isomers are enantiomers classified as?
Stereoisomers
80
Fill in the blank: Epimers are a type of ________ that differ at only one specific carbon atom.
stereoisomer
81
What distinguishes stereoisomers from structural isomers?
Stereoisomers have the same molecular formula and connectivity but differ in the spatial arrangement of atoms.
82
Identify one example of a pair of epimers.
D-glucose and D-mannose
83
True or False: All stereoisomers are enantiomers.
False
84
What is the primary division of amino acids based on their side chains?
Amino acids are classified as nonpolar, polar, acidic, or basic.
85
Which amino acid has a side chain that can form a zwitterionic structure?
All standard amino acids can form zwitterions at physiological pH.
86
What is the relationship between enantiomers and chirality?
Enantiomers are chiral molecules, meaning they have non-superimposable mirror images.
87
Fill in the blank: D and L designations in sugars and amino acids refer to their ________ configuration.
stereochemical
88
Which type of isomerism includes both enantiomers and diastereomers?
Stereoisomerism
89
True or False: Epimers are always found in carbohydrate structures.
False
90
What is the significance of the pKa values in amino acids?
pKa values indicate the pH at which the amino acid exists in its zwitterionic form.
91
What are unsaturated fatty acids?
Fatty acids that contain one or more double bonds in their hydrocarbon chain.
92
Which of the following is an example of an unsaturated fatty acid? (A) Stearic acid (B) Oleic acid (C) Palmitic acid
B) Oleic acid
93
True or False: Unsaturated fatty acids are typically liquid at room temperature.
True
94
Name a common saturated dicarboxylic acid.
Adipic acid
95
Fill in the blank: The simplest unsaturated fatty acid is ______.
Oleic acid
96
What are dimers in the context of fatty acids?
Compounds formed by the coupling of two fatty acid molecules.
97
Which unsaturated fatty acid is known for having two double bonds?
Linoleic acid
98
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a saturated dicarboxylic acid? (A) Maleic acid (B) Succinic acid (C) Glutaric acid
A) Maleic acid
99
List two unsaturated fatty acids.
Oleic acid and Linoleic acid
100
True or False: All dicarboxylic acids are saturated.
False
101
unsaturated fatty acids
oleic acid(C18:1), palmitoliec acid(C16:1), linoleic acid(C18:2), alpha-linoleic acid(C18:3)
102
common saturated dicarboxylic acids
oxalic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid, pimelic acid
103
name fatty acids
formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, valeric acid, caproic acid
104
which amino acids are hydrophobic (non-polar) with R=alkyl group
glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, methionine, proline
105
which amino acids are hydrophobic (non-polar) with R=aromatic group
phenylalanine, tryptophan
106
which amino acids are hydrophilic (polar), neutral
tyrosine, serine, threonine, cysteine, glutamine, asparagine
107
which amino acids are hydrophilic (polar), acidic
glutamic acid, aspartic acid
108
which amino acids are hydrophilic (polar), basic
lysine, histidine, arginine
109
What is the isoelectric point (pI) of an amino acid?
The pI is the pH at which an amino acid has no net charge.
110
True or False: The isoelectric point is the same for all amino acids.
False
111
What determines the isoelectric point of an amino acid?
The pKa values of the amino acid's ionizable groups.
112
Fill in the blank: The isoelectric point is the pH at which an amino acid exists predominantly in its ______ form.
zwitterionic
113
Which of the following amino acids has a side chain that can be ionized: Alanine, Glutamate, Glycine?
Glutamate
114
What is a glycosidic bond?
A glycosidic bond is a covalent bond formed between a carbohydrate and another molecule.
115
True or False: Glycosidic bonds can only form between two monosaccharides.
False
116
What type of reaction forms a hemiacetal?
A reaction between an alcohol and an aldehyde.
117
What is a hemiketal?
A hemiketal is formed when an alcohol reacts with a ketone.
118
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is an example of an amino acid with an acidic side chain? A) Serine B) Aspartic Acid C) Valine
B) Aspartic Acid
119
What happens to the charge of an amino acid as the pH increases past its pI?
It becomes negatively charged.
120
Fill in the blank: At pH values below the pI, amino acids tend to be ______ charged.
positively
121
Which bond type is crucial for the formation of disaccharides?
Glycosidic bond
122
True or False: Hemiacetals can exist in both cyclic and acyclic forms.
True
123
What is the primary difference between a hemiacetal and a hemiketal?
A hemiacetal is formed from an aldehyde; a hemiketal is formed from a ketone.
124
What is an epimer?
An epimer is a type of stereoisomer that differs in configuration at only one specific carbon atom.
125
True or False: D-glucose and D-galactose are epimers.
True
126
Fill in the blank: The epimer of D-glucose at C-4 is ______.
D-galactose
127
Which carbon atom differentiates D-ribulose from its epimer D-xylulose?
C-3
128
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is an epimer of D-ribulose? A) D-xylose B) D-xylulose C) D-ribose D) D-glucose
B) D-xylulose
129
What type of bond connects the glucose units in maltose?
An alpha-1,4-glycosidic bond.
130
True or False: Lactose is composed of one glucose molecule and one galactose molecule.
True.
131
Fill in the blank: Sucrose is made up of glucose and ________.
fructose.
132
Which disaccharide consists of two glucose molecules linked by an alpha bond?
Maltose.
133
What type of bond is found in trehalose?
An alpha-1,1-glycosidic bond.
