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chemistry > Organic Chemistry #2 > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry #2 Flashcards

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1
Q

difference of sigma bond to pi bond

A

sigma bond is head to head overlapping while pi bond is lateral overlapping (side to side)

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2
Q

why is pi bond weaker

A

due to zero electron density or NODE

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3
Q

two important orbitals in organic compounds

A

s and p orbitals

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4
Q

s and p orbitals have what shape

A

s - spherical

p - dumbbell

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5
Q

group of atoms responsible for the compound’s physical and chemical properties

A

functional group

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6
Q

functional group under hydrocarbons

A 
alkane
alkene
alkynes
aromatic
alkyl halide
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7
Q

functional groups under nitrogen containing aliphatic compound

A 
amides
amines
nitriles
isocyanate
nitrosamine
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8
Q

functional groups under sulfur containing

A

thiol

thioether: sandwich si sulfur

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9
Q

functional groups under carboxylic acid and derivatives

A

carboxylic acid (sat. monocarboxylic)
acid halides
acid anhydride
ester: acid + alcohol

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10
Q

addition of atoms to substrate where double bonds break

A

addition

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11
Q

elimination of atoms from the substrate to form double bond

A

elimination

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12
Q

combination of 2 molecules with elimination of smaller molecules like water

A

condensation

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13
Q

replacement of one atom from substrate to another

A

substitution

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14
Q

increase in bonding with oxygen while decrease in bonding with hydrogen

A

oxidation

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15
Q

decrease bonding with oxygen while increase in bonding with hydrogen

A

reduction

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16
Q

state some oxidizing agents

A

bayers reagent
jones reagent
strong acids such as H2SO4 & HNO3

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17
Q

state some reducing agents

A

wolff-kishner (NH2NH2 in KOH)
clemmensen reagent (Zn/Hg in HCl)
H2 with AlBH4 and NaBH4

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18
Q

alkane general formula

A

CnH2n+2

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19
Q

alkene genera formula

A

CnH2n

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20
Q

alkyne general formula

A

CnH2n-2

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21
Q

why does linear alkanes have higher bp and mp than branched and cyclo alkanes?

A

due to its increased van der waals force of attraction (more electrons)

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22
Q

hydrocarbon reacts with oxygen air through heat to produce CO2 and H2O

A

combustion

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23
Q

hydrocarbons break into smaller molecules through heat

A

pyrolysis or pyrolytic cracking

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24
Q

halogen as catalyst is added through UV light to produce alkyl halides

A

halogenation

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25
where bonded groups can exist in different orientation in space
geometric isomerism
26
cis-
bonded group on the same side
27
trans-
bonded group on opposite sides
28
which is more stable, cis or trans alkenes?
transalkenes
29
which has a higher boiling point, cis or trans alkenes?
cisalkenes
30
addition of H atom in double bonds to form alkane which requires one mole of H2 in nickel, palladium or platinum
hydrogenation
31
oxidative test which determines the presence of unsaturation
bayer's test
32
oxidation cleavage to give carbonyl compounds, done through O3 (zone), zinc and acid as catalysts
ozonolysis
33
unsymmetrical reagent added to unsymmetrical double bond (meaning mayroong more and less substituted)
markovnikov addition
34
where does the electrophile and neutrophile attach to the unsymmetrical double bond in markovnikov?
electrophile attaches to the less substituted | neucleophile attaches to the more substituted since it gives stable CATIONS
35
angle & hybridization of tetrahedral
angle: 109.5 hybridization: sp3
36
angle & hybridization of trigonal planar
angle: 120 hybridization: sp2
37
angle & hybridization of linear
angle: 180 hybridization: sp
38
cyclic compound with alternating double or triple bonds
aromatic compounds
39
a type of substitution which involves two steps such as slow step or rate limiting
SN1 nucleophilic substitution
40
in presence of double and triple bonds, the prefix used will now be
enyne
41
in alkyne, if double and triple bond have same numbers, which to count first?
double bond but if not same numbers then always triple bond
42
organic nonpolar solvents where organic compounds are soluble are
ether hexane carbon tetrachloride "ECH"
43
difference between internal alkynes and terminal alkynes
internal alkynes: triple bond located inside/within | terminal alkynes: triple bond head or end of the chain
44
why is alkyne more reactive than alkene and why is alkene more reactive than alkane?
due to their pi bonds
45
ozonolysis of alkenes produce what compounds?
carbonyl compounds & half of oxygen atom
46
ozonolysis of alkynes produce what compounds?
carboxylic compounds if internal alkyne but carboxylic with carbon dioxide if terminal alkyne
47
name of benzene ring if used as substituent
phenyl-
48
name of nitrogen group as substituent
amino-
49
name of alcohol group as substituent
hydroxy-
50
name of ether group as subtituent
methoxy-
51
disubstituted 1,2, 1,3 and 1,4
ortho meta para
52
priority for determining the parent
toulene
53
aromatic compounds are stable due to?
resonance-stabilization (lowered energy, increased electrons) of conjugated pi
54
most aromatic compounds are said to be ___
carcinogenic like benzoapyrene which can cause DNA mutations
55
this makes the aromatic compound less reactive and more resistant to chemical agents (stable)
resonance-stabilization
56
rxn underwent by aromatic compounds under vigorous conditions
electrophilic aromatic substitution (EAS)
57
EAS is what kind of reaction?
this reaction is where the H atom of an aromatic compound is replaced by a strong electrophilic atom
58
EAS rxn where H atom is replaced with sulfur
sulfonation
59
EAS rxn where H atom is replaced with nitrogen
nitration
60
EAS rxn where H atom is replaced with halogen
halogenation
61
EAS rxn where H atom is replaced with alkyl
Friedel-Crafts alkylation
62
nucleophilic that donates electron have what orientation (monosubstituted benzene)
ortho and para such as OH, OR, NH, R
63
electrophilic that accepts electron have what orientation (monosubstituted benzene)
meta X, COOH, NH2 and such
64
difference of alkylation and acylation
alkylation: RX, AlX3 acylation: RCX, AlX3
65
alcohols are: polar or non-polar
polar
66
why do alcohols have higher bp than other hydrocarbons
due to their OH group which is responsible for forming hydrogen bonds
67
increase in OH also increases in
polarity and boiling point
68
increase in alkyl
decreases in both polarity and bp
69
rxns where alcohols undergo
(ODC) oxidation, condensation and dehydration
70
in OXIDATION in alcohols, what happens to primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols?
primary: oxidized to carbonyl -> carboxylic acid secondary: carbonyl tertiary: unreactive/wala lang
71
in using strong oxidizing agents, which classification of alcohols are affected
primary and secondary are affected and oxidized to carboxylic or ketones
72
what are the strong oxidizing agents
jones, bayers, strong acids (nitric acid and sulfuric acid)
73
what is the weak oxidizing agent
rosemund reagent (pcc)
74
what happens when weak oxidizing agent is used
selective primary alcohols are oxidized into aldehydes
75
removal of H2O to form a stable alkene
dehydration
76
ketone as substituent is named as
oxo-
77
polar functional groups
alcohol, ether, carbonyl groups such as aldehydes and ketones, carboxylic acid
78
carbonyl undergoes what reactions
oxidation reduction nucleophile addition
79
oxidation of aldehydes in carbonyl group produces
carboxylic acid
80
oxidation of ketones in carbonyl group produces
wala pi xD
81
tests under oxidation in carbonyl group
tollens, fehlings, benedicts
82
what is tollens test
where silver nitrate in ammonia forms silver mirror
83
what is benedicts test
basic cupric sulfate (NaOH) forms red precipitate
84
what is fehlings test
cupric sulfate in rochelle salt produces red precipitate like benedicts
85
reagents used in reducing aldehydes and ketones
grignard reagent sodium borohydride lithium aluminum hydride
86
nucleophilic compound like alcohol is added to a carbonyl group
nucleophilic addition
87
to add more alcohol in nucleophilic addition, what must be given by the carbonyl groups?
hemiacetal and hemiketal
88
addition of another alcohol must yield ____________ in nucleophilic addition?
acetal and ketal
89
electrophilic/electron loving has _______ acidity to _________
increasing, to stabilize carboxylate anion
90
nucleophilic/proton loving has ______ acidity to _______
decreased, to destabilized carboxylate anion
91
strength of acidity of carboxylic/carboxylate anion can be measured through?
kPa or dissociated constant
92
reactions of carboxylic acid
condensation
93
which reagent produces amide
carboxylic acid + amine
94
which reagent produces ester
acid + alcohol
95
acid + thionyl chloride
acid chloride
96
carboxylic + carboxylic produces ________
acid anhydride
97
esters are named as:
alkyl alkanoate

chemistry (7 decks)

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