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Organic chemistry 2 (12) Flashcards

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1
Q

Name there 5 types of organic compounds

A 
Aliphatic saturated 
Aliphatic unsaturated 
Alicyclic
Aromatic 
Heterocyclic
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2
Q

What are aliphatic compounds ?

A

Compounds containing an open chain of carbon atoms

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3
Q

What is an alicyclic compound ?

A

A compound containing a ring of saturated carbon atoms

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4
Q

What is an aromatic compound ?

A

A compound that Contain a ring where all the atoms are unsaturated

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5
Q

What is a heterocyclic compound ?

A

A compound that contain a ring made up of carbon and at least one other element such as N, S or O.

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6
Q

Name two examples of saturated aliphatic compounds

A

Ethane

Ethyl alcohol

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7
Q

Name two examples of unsaturated aliphatic compounds

A

Ethene

Ethyne

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8
Q

Name two examples of alicyclic compounds

A

Cyclobutane

Cyclohexane

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9
Q

Name two examples of aromatic compounds

A

Benzene

Aniline

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10
Q

Name three examples of heterocyclic compounds

A

Pyridine
Tetrahydrofuran
Epoxide

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11
Q

What about a molecule does its functional group determine ?

A

gives its characteristic chemical properties
acts as a site of chemical reactivity
serves as the basis for nomenclature
classifies its family

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12
Q

What is the general structure of a thiol ?

A

R-SH

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13
Q

What is a thiol group also known as ?

A

Mercapto

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14
Q

What is the general formula for a sulfide ?

A

R-S-R

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15
Q

What is the general formula for an ether ?

A

R-O-R

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16
Q

What shape is a s orbital ?

A

Spherical

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17
Q

Which orbital has a higher energy s or p orbitals ?

A

The p-orbital

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18
Q

What shape is a p orbital ?

A

Dumb-bell shape

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19
Q

Name two properties of the node of the p orbital

A

There is no electron density at the node

The nodal plane passes through the nucleus

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20
Q

How many 3 p orbitals are in each shell ?

A

3 p orbitals in the same shell

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21
Q

What process enables carbon to for 4 bonds ?

A

Hybridisation

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22
Q

Describe hybridisation of carbon

A

One of the 2s electrons can be promoted into the vacant p orbital.
Requires energy input
Favourable because of decreased electron-electron repulsion.

The 2s and 2p orbitals now mix to form various hybrid atomic orbitals.

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23
Q

Name four properties of hybrid orbitals

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A

Hold electrons closer to nucleus

The bond becomes shorter therefore stronger.

More directional, so they have more effective bonding interactions.

The more s-character in an orbital, the lower the energy. – increased stability of an electron in that orbital.

24
Q

What orbital combinations can form sigma bonds ?

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A

s-s,
p-p,
s-p,
or hybridized orbitals.

25
How is a sigma bond get formed
Formed but a direct overlap | Where the electron density is along the line of the bond
26
What energy change does the formation of a sigma bond cause ?
The bonding molecular orbitals to be at a lower energy level
27
Are sigma bonds symmetrical ?
Yes with respect to rotation | Rotation of 180 degrees
28
Describe the bonding in ethane in terms of orbitals
Each of the carbons (2) uses 3 sp3 orbitals to bond to 3 hydrogens The remaining sp3 orbital on each carbon overlaps to form the carbon-carbon bond.
29
How are pi bonds formed ?
formed by “parallel” overlap of p orbitals. | Where the electron density is above and below the plane of the bond
30
What forms first pi or sigma bonds ?
Sigma forms then pi bonds form
31
What bonds are weaker pi or sigma bonds ? | & why
Pi bonds are weaker / More easily broken Because pi bonds are higher in energy than sigma bonds
32
What bonds does a double bonds between two carbons contain ?
A pi and sigma bonds
33
What bonds to triple bonds between to carbons contain ?
A sigma bond and two pi bonds.
34
What bonds are found within a Benzene ring ?
Pi bonds | Which delocalises the electrons in a ring above and below the plane
35
Which bonds single , double or triple has the ; Higher energy ? Highest bond length ?
Highest energy - c triple bond c Highest bond length - c single bond c
36
What is the bond angle of sp3 hybridisation ?
109.5
37
What is the bond angle of sp2 hybridisation ?
120
38
What is the bond angle of sp hybridisation ?
180
39
What orbitals are involved bonding between carbons in sp3 hybridisation ?
Sp3-sp3
40
What orbitals are involved in bonding between carbons sp2 hybridisation ?
Sp2-sp2 | P-p
41
What orbitals are involved in bonding between carbons sp hybridisation ?
Sp-sp | P-p
42
What is the chemical name for ethanoic acid ?
Acetic acid
43
What is the chemical name for propanone ?
Acetone
44
What is the chemical name for ethanoyl chloride ?
Acetyl chloride
45
What is the chemical name for methanal ?
Formaldehyde
46
What is the chemical name for ethanal?
Acetaldehyde
47
What is the chemical name for methanoic acid ?
Formic acid
48
What is a hybrid atomic orbital ?
A combination of atomic orbitals from the same atom
49
What is a molecular orbital ?
A combination of atomic orbitals Or hybrid atomic orbitals From different atoms
50
What is linear combination of atomic orbitals (LCAO)
That orbitals combine to form hybrid atomic orbitals and molecular orbitals
51
Name three hybrid atomic orbitals
Sp sp2 sp3
52
Name four molecular orbitals
Sigma Sigma * Pi Pi *
53
Describe sp3 hybridisation
All four atomic orbitals combine to give the same number of new hybrid atomic orbitals. All four sp3 orbitals are equivalent with the same energy (degenerate). Orbitals point towards the corners of a tetrahedron. Overlap produces sigma bonds. Used for bonding in saturated compounds
54
Describe sp2 hybridisation
The s and two p orbitals combine to give the three new hybrid atomic orbitals. The 3rd p orbital is unchanged. sp2 orbitals point towards the corners of a triangle. Used for sigma bonding The p orbital is perpendicular to them. Used for pi bonding sp2 hybridisation is used for bonding in alkenes, carbonyls and aromatic rings
55
Describe sp hybridisation
The s and one p orbital combine to give the two new hybrid atomic orbitals. The other two p orbitals are unchanged. sp orbitals are at 180o to one another (linear molecule). Used for sigma bonding The p orbitals are perpendicular to them. Used for pi bonding sp hybridisation is used for bonding in alkynes and nitriles.

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