Organic Chemistry Flashcards
(111 cards)
1
Q
What is a homologous series
A
A series of compounds that have similar properties on the same general formula
2
Q
What is meant by saturated in this context?
A
- Compound only contains hydrogen and carbon
- Possesses no double bonds
- By only having carbon single bonds, they have bonded with the maximum number of atoms
3
Q
What is the complete combustion of propane
A
Propane + 5 oxygen –> 3 carbon dioxide + 4 water
4
Q
What is the incomplete combustion of propane?
A
Propane + 2 oxygen –> 3 carbon + 4 water + carbon monoxide
5
Q
Fractional distillation - c1-c4
A
Gases
20 degrees
Uses: liquified petroleum gas
6
Q
Fractional distillation - c5-c9
A
Naphtha
70 degrees
Use; chemicals
7
Q
Fractional distillation - c5-c10 (lower)
A
Petrol (gasoline)
120 degrees
Uses: petrol for vehicles
8
Q
Fractional distillation - c10-c16
A
Kerosine (paraffin oil)
170 degrees
Uses: jet fuel, paraffin for lighting and heating
9
Q
Fractional distillation - C14-C20
A
Diesel oils
270 degrees
Uses: diesel fuels
10
Q
Fractional distillation - c20 to C50
A
Lubricating oil
Uses: lubricating oils, waxes and polishes
11
Q
Fractional distillation - C20-C70
A
Fuel oil
600 degrees
Fuels for ships, factories and central heating
12
Q
Fractional distillation - >C70
A
Residue
Bitumen for roads and roofing
13
Q
What is a hydrocarbon
A
A compound of hydrogen and carbon, such as any of those which are the chief components of petroleum and natural gases
14
Q
Number of carbons in chain: 1
A
Meth
15
Q
Number of carbons in chain: 2
A
Eth
16
Q
Number of carbons in chain: 3
A
Prop
17
Q
Number of carbons in chain: 4
A
But
18
Q
Number of carbons in chain: 5
A
Pent
19
Q
What are compounds made from only carbon and hydrogen called
A
Hydrocarbons
20
Q
What form of bonds do you carbon atoms form?
A
Strong covalent bonds
21
Q
Are alkanes flammable or inflammable. What is this useful for?
A
In flammable gases, useful for fuels
22
Q
Do alkanes have endothermic or exothermic reactions
A
Exothermic
23
Q
What do you alkanes burn to produce
A
CO2 and O2
24
Q
The more carbon atoms, the higher or lower the boiling point?
A
A higher the boiling point as there is a longer chain of carbon atoms to break
25
Define distillation
Heating up a mixture so that the different parts boil off at different temperatures
26
Give an example of a gas in fractional distillation. Is it near the top or the bottom? Is it volatile or not volatile?
Methane and propane
They are at the top of the fractional distillation with the lowest boiling point.
The a gas and are most volatile
27
Give a example of a liquid in fractional distillation. Is it near the top of the bottom of the column and is it liquid or gas or solid
Petrol and diesel
They have a middle boiling point and are in the middle of the column
They are liquid as the viscosity increases as you go down the column
28
Give an example of a solid in the fractional distillation. Where is it in the column?
Wax and bitumen
| High boiling point so near the bottom of the column
29
What is the only process that alkenes can be made
Fractional distillation
30
Define cracking
The process where a long chain alkane is broken down into smaller more useful alkanes and alkenes
31
What is the general formula for an alkane
Cn H2n+2
32
What is the general formula for an alkene
Cn h2n
33
What is a hydrocarbon
A compound of hydrogen and carbon such as any of those which of the chief components of petroleum and natural gases
34
What is a homologous series
A series of compounds that have similar properties and the same general formula
35
What is meant by 'saturated' in this context
Saturated mean is the compound only contains hydrogen and carbon and possesses no double bonds. By only having carbon single bonds they have bonded with the maximum number of atoms
36
What is the complete combustion of propane
Propane+oxygen--> carbon dioxide + water
| C3 H8 +2O2 --> 3C +4H2 O + CO
37
Incomplete combustion of propane
Propane + oxygen --> carbon + water + carbon monoxide
C3 H8 + 2O2 --> 3C + 4H2 O + CO
38
How is crude oil formed
The remains of small animals and plants that died and fell to the bottom of the sea. There remains a cupboard by mad. They started to change into rock as the temperature and pressure increased
39
By what process are hydrocarbons in crude oil separated
Separating hydrocarbons in crude oil is called fractional distillation. as hydrocarbons have different boiling points, they can be separated at different temperatures
40
Is a catalyst used in cracking
Yes
41
What are some of the traits of a short hydro-carbon chain
- Boiling point is around -36 degrees
- It is very highly flammable
- Very runny (not viscous)
- Very volatile
- Doesn't need to be cracked
42
What are some of the traits of a middle hydrocarbon chain
- Boiling point around 174°C
- It is flammable
- It is viscous
- It is volatile
- May need to be cracked
43
What are some of the traits of a long hydrocarbon chain
- Boiling point around 302°C
- It is not flammable
- Very viscous
- Not very volatile
- Needs to be cracked
44
What is an isomer
Compounds with the same molecular formula but different display formula
45
How do you test for an alkene
With bromine water. It will turn from orange red to colourless
46
What is the general formula for incomplete combustion
Any hydrocarbon + (Limited oxygen) --> carbon monoxide+ water
47
Are Alkenes saturated or unsaturated
Unsaturated
48
Are alkenes more or less reactive than alkanes
More reactive
49
What type of reaction do alkenes undergo
Addition reaction - they make polymers
50
What is Polyvinylchloride used for
Plastic bags
51
What is polyvinyl alcohol used for
Glue
52
What is polytetrafluoroethane used for
Nonstick pan's
53
What is polypropene used for
Plastic crates, parcel string and chairs
54
What is polystyrene used for
Food packaging and containers, installation and packing materials
55
What is polypropenitrol used for
Fibres for clothing and artificial wool
56
What do you polymers contain
Monomers
57
What does polymerisation need
High pressure, heat and a catalyst (Ziegler-natter)
58
What are possible polluting products of the combustion of polymers
Carbon monoxide, HCL, PCB and cyanide
59
what reactions do alkanes under go
Substitution reactions as they do not have double bonds so can't do you addition reactions
60
What is photo lysis
Splitting something with light
61
What does photo lysis only work with
Halogens because they have weak bonds it's can be easily broken by UV rays
62
What does photo lysis produce
Haloalkanes
63
Number of carbons in chain: 1
Meth
64
Number of carbons in chain: 2
Eth
65
Number of carbons in chain: 3
Prop
66
Number of carbons in chain: 4
But
67
Number of carbons in chain: 5
Pent
68
What are compounds made from only carbon and hydrogen called
Hydrocarbons
69
What form of bonds do you carbon atoms form?
Strong covalent bonds
70
Are alkanes flammable or inflammable. What is this useful for?
In flammable gases, useful for fuels
71
Do alkanes have endothermic or exothermic reactions
Exothermic
72
What do you alkanes burn to produce
CO2 and O2
73
The more carbon atoms, the higher or lower the boiling point?
A higher the boiling point as there is a longer chain of carbon atoms to break
74
Define distillation
Heating up a mixture so that the different parts boil off at different temperatures
75
Give an example of a gas in fractional distillation. Is it near the top or the bottom? Is it volatile or not volatile?
Methane and propane
They are at the top of the fractional distillation with the lowest boiling point.
The a gas and are most volatile
76
Give a example of a liquid in fractional distillation. Is it near the top of the bottom of the column and is it liquid or gas or solid
Petrol and diesel
They have a middle boiling point and are in the middle of the column
They are liquid as the viscosity increases as you go down the column
77
Give an example of a solid in the fractional distillation. Where is it in the column?
Wax and bitumen
| High boiling point so near the bottom of the column
78
What is the only process that alkenes can be made
Fractional distillation
79
Define cracking
The process where a long chain alkane is broken down into smaller more useful alkanes and alkenes
80
What is the general formula for an alkane
Cn H2n+2
81
What is the general formula for an alkene
Cn h2n
82
What is a hydrocarbon
A compound of hydrogen and carbon such as any of those which of the chief components of petroleum and natural gases
83
What is a homologous series
A series of compounds that have similar properties and the same general formula
84
What is meant by 'saturated' in this context
Saturated mean is the compound only contains hydrogen and carbon and possesses no double bonds. By only having carbon single bonds they have bonded with the maximum number of atoms
85
What is the complete combustion of propane
Propane+oxygen--> carbon dioxide + water
| C3 H8 +2O2 --> 3C +4H2 O + CO
86
Incomplete combustion of propane
Propane + oxygen --> carbon + water + carbon monoxide
C3 H8 + 2O2 --> 3C + 4H2 O + CO
87
How is crude oil formed
The remains of small animals and plants that died and fell to the bottom of the sea. There remains a cupboard by mad. They started to change into rock as the temperature and pressure increased
88
By what process are hydrocarbons in crude oil separated
Separating hydrocarbons in crude oil is called fractional distillation. as hydrocarbons have different boiling points, they can be separated at different temperatures
89
Is a catalyst used in cracking
Yes
90
What are some of the traits of a short hydro-carbon chain
- Boiling point is around -36 degrees
- It is very highly flammable
- Very runny (not viscous)
- Very volatile
- Doesn't need to be cracked
91
What are some of the traits of a middle hydrocarbon chain
- Boiling point around 174°C
- It is flammable
- It is viscous
- It is volatile
- May need to be cracked
92
What are some of the traits of a long hydrocarbon chain
- Boiling point around 302°C
- It is not flammable
- Very viscous
- Not very volatile
- Needs to be cracked
93
What is an isomer
Compounds with the same molecular formula but different display formula
94
How do you test for an alkene
With bromine water. It will turn from orange red to colourless
95
What is the general formula for incomplete combustion
Any hydrocarbon + (Limited oxygen) --> carbon monoxide+ water
96
Are Alkenes saturated or unsaturated
Unsaturated
97
Are alkenes more or less reactive than alkanes
More reactive
98
What type of reaction do alkenes undergo
Addition reaction - they make polymers
99
What is Polyvinylchloride used for
Plastic bags
100
What is polyvinyl alcohol used for
Glue
101
What is polytetrafluoroethane used for
Nonstick pan's
102
What is polypropene used for
Plastic crates, parcel string and chairs
103
What is polystyrene used for
Food packaging and containers, installation and packing materials
104
What is polypropenitrol used for
Fibres for clothing and artificial wool
105
What do you polymers contain
Monomers
106
What does polymerisation need
High pressure, heat and a catalyst (Ziegler-natter)
107
What are possible polluting products of the combustion of polymers
Carbon monoxide, HCL, PCB and cyanide
108
what reactions do alkanes under go
Substitution reactions as they do not have double bonds so can't do you addition reactions
109
What is photo lysis
Splitting something with light
110
What does photo lysis only work with
Halogens because they have weak bonds it's can be easily broken by UV rays
111
What does photo lysis produce
Haloalkanes
